{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T23:09:56Z","timestamp":1780096196251,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Swiss National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["#100011_185384"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#100011_185384"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"French-Swiss: ANR-SNF CHeRCHA project","award":["#ANR-15CEE33-0009-1\/100019E-164071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#ANR-15CEE33-0009-1\/100019E-164071"]}]},{"name":"Schweizerisch-Liechtensteinische Stiftung f\u00fcr arch\u00e4ologische Forschungen im Ausland","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Institut Fondamental d\u2019Afrique Noire of the University of Cheikh Anta Diop","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences of the University of Geneva","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The understanding of cultural dynamics at work at the end of the Final Pleistocene in West Africa suffers from a significant lack of excavated and dated sites, particularly in the Sahelian and Sudanian ecozones. While the Later Stone Age shows varied behavioral developments in different parts of the continent, the chrono-cultural framework of this period remains largely unknown in West Africa. We report on archaeological, geomorphological, and chronological research on two Final Pleistocene Later Stone Age sites in the Fal\u00e9m\u00e9 Valley, eastern Senegal. Optically stimulated luminescence ages place the site of Toumboura I-2017 between 17 \u00b1 1 and 16 \u00b1 1 ka and the Ravin de Sansand\u00e9 site between 13 \u00b1 1 ka and 12 \u00b1 1.1 ka. The excavated lithics show typical Later Stone Age industries, characterized by <jats:italic>cha\u00eenes op\u00e9ratoires<\/jats:italic> of core reduction mainly producing flakes and bladelets as well as blades and laminar flakes. Segments dominate the toolkits but a few backed bladelets and end-scrapers on flake blanks were recognized. Local raw materials were used, with a preference for chert and quartz, as well as greywacke. These Later Stone Age lithic assemblages are the oldest known in Senegal so far and add to the small number of sites known in West Africa for this period, which are mainly located farther south, in sub-tropical ecozones. The Later Stone Age sites of the Fal\u00e9m\u00e9 Valley are contemporaneous with typical Middle Stone Age technologies in Senegal dated to at least the Pleistocene\/Holocene transition. Our results thus provide new archaeological evidence highlighting the complex cultural processes at work during the Final Pleistocene in West Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294346","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]],"date-time":"2024-03-28T17:43:32Z","timestamp":1711647812000},"page":"e0294346","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Two new Later Stone Age sites from the Final Pleistocene in the Fal\u00e9m\u00e9 Valley, eastern Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0747-7296","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Matar","family":"Ndiaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3256-1999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laurent","family":"Lespez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Tribolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Rasse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2373-2725","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Irka","family":"Hadjas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Davidoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c9ric","family":"Huysecom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Douze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0294346.ref001","first-page":"1","article-title":"The First Emergence of Ceramic Production in Africa","author":"E Huysecom","year":"2020","journal-title":"Encyclopedia of Anthropology"},{"key":"pone.0294346.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00099245","article-title":"The emergence of pottery in Africa during the tenth millennium cal BC: new evidence from Ounjougou (Mali)","volume":"83","author":"E Huysecom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0294346.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1080\/17445647.2022.2052767","article-title":"Archaeological sites and palaeoenvironments of Pleistocene West Africa","volume":"18","author":"JN Cerasoni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Maps"},{"key":"pone.0294346.ref004","first-page":"901","article-title":"Une industrie microlithique dat\u00e9e de 13,050 B.P. environ d\u00e9couverte en C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire dans la \u00ab terre de barre \u00bb","volume":"292","author":"R Chenorkian","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Sciences de Paris, S\u00e9rie D"},{"key":"pone.0294346.ref005","first-page":"18","article-title":"Une industrie pal\u00e9olithique d\u00e9couverte dans la \u00ab Terre de Barre \u00bb d\u2019une terrasse proche d\u2019Anyama (R\u00e9gion d\u2019Abidjan)","volume":"21","author":"R Chenorkian","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nyame Akuma"},{"key":"pone.0294346.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01116775","article-title":"Ivory Coast Prehistory: recent developments","volume":"1","author":"R. 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