{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T10:47:50Z","timestamp":1767178070170,"version":"build-2238731810"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-COV-2) can affect anyone, however, it is often mixed with other respiratory diseases. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with SARS-COV-2 positive test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants from the Northern Netherlands representative of the general population were included if filled in the questionnaire about well-being between June 2020-April 2021 and were tested for SARS-COV-2. The outcome was a self-reported test as measured by polymerase chain reaction. The data were collected on age, sex, household, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, quality of life, fatigue, symptoms and medications use. Participants were matched on sex, age and the timing of their SARS-COV-2 tests maintaining a 1:4 ratio and classified into those with a positive and negative SARS-COV-2 using logistic regression. The performance of the model was compared with other machine-learning algorithms by the area under the receiving operating curve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>2564 (20%) of 12786 participants had a positive SARS-COV-2 test. The factors associated with a higher risk of SARS-COV-2 positive test in multivariate logistic regression were: contact with someone tested positive for SARS-COV-2, \u22651 household members, typical SARS-COV-2 symptoms, male gender and fatigue. The factors associated with a lower risk of SARS-COV-2 positive test were higher quality of life, inhaler use, runny nose, lower back pain, diarrhea, pain when breathing, sore throat, pain in neck, shoulder or arm, numbness or tingling, and stomach pain. The performance of the logistic models was comparable with that of random forest, support vector machine and gradient boosting machine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Having a contact with someone tested positive for SARS-COV-2 and living in a household with someone else are the most important factors related to a positive SARS-COV-2 test. The loss of smell or taste is the most prominent symptom associated with a positive test. Symptoms like runny nose, pain when breathing, sore throat are more likely to be indicative of other conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T13:34:52Z","timestamp":1701264892000},"page":"e0294556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Factors associated with SARS-COV-2 positive test in Lifelines"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1926-8862","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Grigory","family":"Sidorenkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Judith M.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Grzegorczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3332-3514","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Francisco O.","family":"Cort\u00e9s-Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geertruida H.","family":"de Bock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0294556.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247461","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247461","article-title":"Population risk factors for severe disease and mortality in COVID-19: A global systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"A Booth","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0294556.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12864","article-title":"Factors associated with COVID-19 related hospitalisation, critical care admission and mortality using linked primary and secondary care data.","volume":"15","author":"L Cummins","year":"2021","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"pone.0294556.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100097","article-title":"Underlying conditions and risk of hospitalisation, ICU admission and mortality among those with COVID-19 in Ireland: A national surveillance study","volume":"5","author":"KE Bennett","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0294556.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.10.020","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"A Rostami","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"pone.0294556.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.08.010","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with COVID-19 diagnosis in symptomatic patients followed in general practices in Germany between March 2020 and March 2021.","volume":"111","author":"L Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0294556.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00732-w","article-title":"Risk factors for COVID-19 diagnosis, hospitalization, and subsequent all-cause mortality in Sweden: a nationwide study","volume":"36","author":"J Bergman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0294556.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0133021","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.01330-21","article-title":"Testing Denmark: a Danish Nationwide Surveillance Study of COVID-19.","volume":"9","author":"K Fogh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr."},{"key":"pone.0294556.ref008","article-title":"Risk factors for developing COVID-19: a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK).","author":"H Holt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"pone.0294556.ref009","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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