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In the literature about subjective societal mobility, most of the research is focused on the mobility-immobility framing. However, several authors suggested studying social mobility beliefs effects differentiating according to mobility\u2019s trajectory, that is, upward (i.e., improving status over time) and downward (i.e., getting worse in status over time). The present research was motivated by the lack of measures that discriminate between beliefs in upward and downward societal mobility. Across two studies using different samples of the Spanish adult population, we examined both dimensions of social mobility beliefs and tested their predictive validity on other related constructs. In Study 1 (N = 164), with an EFA, we corroborated the independence between the two types of mobility. The internal structure was confirmed by a CFA in Study 2 (N = 400). Furthermore, it was shown that upward and downward mobility beliefs are differently related to other related constructs. The results from Studies 1\u20132 showed good convergent validity. In all correlations with the different constructs (attitudes towards inequality, meritocratic beliefs, justification of the economic system, and status anxiety) we found opposite direction effects for both types of societal mobility (upward and downward). The development of this new instrument can help to deepen our understanding of the psychosocial consequences of subjective social mobility, as well as to differentiate two processes that may have different consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]],"date-time":"2023-12-05T18:28:02Z","timestamp":1701800882000},"page":"e0294676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Rising and falling on the social ladder: The bidimensional social mobility beliefs scale"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-8745","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juan","family":"Matamoros-Lima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo B.","family":"Willis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Moya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0294676.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(02)00073-4","article-title":"The measurement of SES in health research: current practice and steps toward a new approach.","volume":"56","author":"JM Oakes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0294676.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000387","article-title":"Wealth, poverty, and happiness: Social class is differentially associated with positive emotions.","volume":"18","author":"PK Piff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emotion."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0294676.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.4.703","article-title":"You Can\u2019t Always Get What You Want: Educational Attainment, Agency, and Choice","volume":"88","author":"AC Snibbe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0294676.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221093615","article-title":"Studying Socioeconomic Status: Conceptual Problems and an Alternative Path Forwar","volume":"18","author":"S. 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