{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T13:21:41Z","timestamp":1790688101514,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19\/108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19\/108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"United States \u2013 South African Program for Collaborative Biomedical Research grant","award":["AI116759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI116759"]}]},{"name":"CAPRISA Research Administration and Management Training Program","award":["G11 TW010555-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G11 TW010555-01"]}]},{"name":"DST-NRF CoE in HIV Prevention","award":["96354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96354"]}]},{"name":"DST\/NRF Innovation Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["PDG210309589501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDG210309589501"]}]},{"name":"DST\/NRF Innovation Postdoctoral Fellowship","award":["SFP180507326699"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFP180507326699"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001323","name":"Poliomyelitis Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18\/16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18\/16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001323","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a leading cause of cervical cancer. Although this relies on infection and persistence of HPV in epithelial cells, often occurring in the context of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV), data on the relationships between these and their relative effects on epithelial barrier integrity in women remain sparse. This study describes the epidemiology of HPV combined with STI and\/or BV prevalence and the relative impact on matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) among South African women.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Roche Linear Array was used for HPV genotyping in menstrual cup pellets of 243 HIV-negative women participating in the CAPRISA 083 cohort study. Vulvovaginal swabs were tested for <jats:italic>Chlamydia trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> using Xpert\u00ae CT\/NG assay and lateral flow assay, and Gram staining was performed to diagnose BV using Nugent scoring criteria. Concentrations of 5 MMPs were measured in menstrual cup supernatants by multiplexed ELISA. Fisher\u2019s exact tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and multivariable regression models determined associations between HPV infection, STI and\/or BV, and MMP concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HPV was prevalent in 34% of women (83\/243; median 23 years, interquartile range (IQR) 21\u201327 years). Low-risk (lr) (71%, 59\/83) and high-risk (hr)-HPV infections (54.2%, 45\/83) were common. Hr-HPV was frequently detected in STI and\/or BV-positive women compared to women without STIs or BV (p = 0.029). In multivariable analysis, BV was associated with increased odds of hr-HPV detection (OR: 2.64, 95%CI: 1.02\u20136.87, p = 0.046). Furthermore, Gardasil\u00ae9 vaccine-type strains were more frequently detected in women diagnosed with STI and\/or BV (55.2%, 32\/58 vs 24%, 6\/25; p = 0.009). Among STI and\/or BV-positive women, HPV detection was significantly associated with increased MMP-10 concentrations (b = 0.55, 95% CI 0.79\u20131.01; p = 0.022).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Most women with hr-HPV had another STI and\/or BV, emphasizing an urgent need for STI and BV screening and intensive scale-up of cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination programmes. Furthermore, the study highlights the need for more extensive research to confirm and understand the relationship between HPV infection and barrier integrity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294698","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T18:40:35Z","timestamp":1701369635000},"page":"e0294698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["High-risk human papillomavirus prevalence among South African women diagnosed with other STIs and BV"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wenkosi","family":"Qulu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6829-5525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andile","family":"Mtshali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzana","family":"Osman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nonsikelelo","family":"Ndlela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lungelo","family":"Ntuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gugulethu","family":"Mzobe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivashnee","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Garrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Rompalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Mindel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sinaye","family":"Ngcapu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6768-8776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lenine","family":"Liebenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0294698.ref001","first-page":"307","article-title":"Information Centre on HPV and Cancer (HPV Information Centre).","author":"L. 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