{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:44:23Z","timestamp":1784357063095,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cooperative Doctoral Programme for Doctoral Scholarships 2020 of the Hungarian Ministry of Innovation and Technology","award":["1020404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1020404"]}]},{"name":"University of Szeged Open Access Fund","award":["6325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6325"]}]},{"name":"Competence Centre of the Life Sciences Cluster of the Centre of Excellence for Inter-disciplinary Research, Development and Innovation of the University of Szeged"},{"name":"European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["856453 ERC-2019-SyG"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["856453 ERC-2019-SyG"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that is well-known in the palaeopathological record because it can affect the skeleton and consequently leaves readily identifiable macroscopic alterations. Palaeopathological case studies provide invaluable information about the spatio-temporal distribution of TB in the past. This is true for those archaeological periods and geographical regions from when and where no or very few TB cases have been published until now\u2013as in the Sarmatian period (1<jats:sup>st<\/jats:sup>\u20135<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>centuries CE) in the Barbaricum of the Carpathian Basin. The aim of our paper is to discuss five newly discovered TB cases (<jats:bold>HK199<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK201<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK225<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK253<\/jats:bold>, and<jats:bold>HK309<\/jats:bold>) from the Sarmatian-period archaeological site of H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely\u2013Kenyere-\u00e9r, Bereczki-tanya (Csongr\u00e1d-Csan\u00e1d county, Hungary). Detailed macromorphological evaluation of the skeletons focused on the detection of bony changes likely associated with different forms of TB. In all five cases, the presence of endocranial alterations (especially TB-specific granular impressions) suggests that these individuals suffered from TB meningitis. Furthermore, the skeletal lesions observed in the spine and both hip joints of<jats:bold>HK225<\/jats:bold>indicate that this juvenile also had multifocal osteoarticular TB. Thanks to the discovery of<jats:bold>HK199<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK201<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK225<\/jats:bold>,<jats:bold>HK253<\/jats:bold>, and<jats:bold>HK309<\/jats:bold>, the number of TB cases known from the Sarmatian-period Carpathian Basin doubled, implying that the disease was likely more frequent in the Barbaricum than previously thought. Without the application of granular impressions, the diagnosis of TB could not have been established in these five cases. Thus, the identification of TB in these individuals highlights the importance of diagnostics development, especially the refinement of diagnostic criteria. Based on the above, the systematic macromorphological (re-)evaluation of osteoarchaeological series from the Sarmatian-period Carpathian Basin would be advantageous to provide a more accurate picture of how TB may have impacted the ancestral human communities of the Barbaricum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0294762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T18:22:16Z","timestamp":1704910936000},"page":"e0294762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["White plague among the \u201cforgotten people\u201d from the Barbaricum of the Carpathian Basin\u2013Cases with tuberculosis from the Sarmatian-period (3rd\u20134th centuries CE) archaeological site of H\u00f3dmez\u0151v\u00e1s\u00e1rhely\u2013Kenyere-\u00e9r, Bereczki-tanya (Hungary)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0350-1906","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Olga","family":"Spekker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attila","family":"Kiss P.","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitty","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e1ndor","family":"Varga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f3nia","family":"Marcsik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5521-3044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Oszk\u00e1r","family":"Sch\u00fctz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2128-1126","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tibor","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5124-4468","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bal\u00e1zs","family":"Tihanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0294762.ref001","first-page":"118","volume-title":"The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology","author":"AC Aufderheide","year":"1998"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0294762.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1159\/000335165","article-title":"Palaeopathology: The study of disease in the past.","volume":"79","author":"PL Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0294762.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PoH-0014-2015","article-title":"Paleopathology of human infections: Old bones, antique books, ancient and modern molecules","volume":"4","author":"O. 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