{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:02:18Z","timestamp":1787022138323,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella spp<\/jats:italic>\n                    . have been reported to have a wide global distribution. Despite the distribution and co-occurrence with other filarial parasites like\n                    <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Onchocerca volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic>\n                    , it is given little attention. There are few surveillance programmes for assessing the distribution of mansonellosis, due to the associated mild to no symptoms experienced by infected people. However, addressing this infection is critical to the onchocerciasis control program as current rapid diagnostic tools targeting\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>volvulus<\/jats:italic>\n                    have the tendency to cross react with\n                    <jats:italic>Mansonella species<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In this study we identified and characterised\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>perstans<\/jats:italic>\n                    from five sites in two districts in the Volta Region of Ghana and compared them to samples from other regions. Night blood smears and filter blood blots were obtained from individuals as part of a study on lymphatic filariasis. The Giemsa-stained smears were screened by microscopy for the presence of filarial parasites. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood blots from 39 individuals that were positive for\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>perstans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and Nested PCR targeting the internal spacer 1 (ITS-1) was conducted. Of these, 30 were sequenced and 24 sequences were kept for further analysis. Phylogenetic analysis of 194 nucleotide positions showed no differences in the samples collected. The similarities suggests that there could be one species in this area. However, more robust studies with larger sample sizes are required to draw such conclusions. We also observed a clustering of the samples from Ghana with reference sequences from Africa and Brazil, suggesting they could be related. This study draws further attention to a neglected infection, presents the first characterisation of\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>perstans<\/jats:italic>\n                    in Ghana and calls for more population-based studies across different geographical zones to ascertain species variations and disease distribution.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295089","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T14:02:45Z","timestamp":1717768965000},"page":"e0295089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification and characterisation of Mansonella perstans in the Volta Region of Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0074-1661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Millicent","family":"Opoku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-6177","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dziedzom K.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0295089.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.01.014","article-title":"Onapa, and Santa Maria Asio Mansonella perstans filariasis in Africa","volume":"120","author":"P.E. Simonsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta tropica"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295089.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Loa loa and Mansonella perstans filariasis in the Akonolinga health district, centre region, Cameroon","volume":"15","author":"J.G.F.R. Kamtchum Tatuene","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Sci Dis"},{"key":"pone.0295089.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2023.100168","article-title":"Filarial disease in the Brazilian Amazon and emerging opportunities for treatment and control","volume":"5","author":"C.S. Portela","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr Res Parasitol Vector Borne Dis,"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295089.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(80)90200-X","article-title":"Simulium species of the amazonicum group as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi in the Brazilian Amazon","volume":"74","author":"A. Shelley","year":"1980","journal-title":"Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295089.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762001000400003","article-title":"Simuliid blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) and ceratopogonid midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as vectors of Mansonella ozzardi (Nematoda: Onchocercidae) in northern Argentina","volume":"96","author":"A. Shelley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mem\u00f3rias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"pone.0295089.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S125750","article-title":"Mansonellosis: current perspectives.","volume":"9","author":"T.-H. Ta-Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295089.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1980.29.1209","article-title":"Development of Mansonella ozzardi in a black fly species of the Simulium sanguineum group from Eastern Vaup\u00e9s, Colombia","volume":"29","author":"M. Tidwell","year":"1980","journal-title":"The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"},{"key":"pone.0295089.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3432-9","article-title":"Update on the biology and ecology of Culicoides species in the South-West region of Cameroon with implications on the transmission of Mansonella perstans","volume":"12","author":"S. 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