{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:05:30Z","timestamp":1791291930733,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pomegranate (\n                    <jats:italic>Punica granatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) peels have shown numerous health benefits such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. These health activities are owed to the unique phytochemical components present in pomegranate peels. Variations in the pomegranate cultivar, geographical region, and extraction methods significantly affect the phytochemical composition and concentrations of pomegranate fruits and their peels, hence their health outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the phytochemical contents of pomegranate peels of Jordanian origin and their antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Among the 6 extracts of pomegranate peels tested, the ethanol extract exhibited the highest total phenolic content (TPC = 297.70 \u00b1 1.73 mg GAE\/g DW), highest total flavonoids content (TFC = 116.08 \u00b1 3.46 mg RE\/g DW), highest hydrolyzable tannins (HT) contents (688.50 \u00b1 3.54 mg TE\/g DW). Whereas the highest condensed tannins (CT) content was found in both the ethanol (13.87 \u00b1 0.58 mg CE\/g DW) and methanol (13.84 \u00b1 0.55 mg CE\/g DW) extracts. For the antioxidant activities, the water extract of pomegranate peels displayed the highest inhibitory effect on DPPH radicals (9.43 \u00b1 0.06 \u03bcmole TE\/g DW), while for the ABTS\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    assay the methanol and ethanol extracts exhibited the highest activities of 11.09 \u00b1 0.02 and 11.09 \u00b1 0.06 \u03bcmole TE\/g DW, respectively. For the FRAP assay, the aqueous methanol extract exhibited the highest reducing activity (1.60 \u00b1 0.09 mmole Fe (II)\/g DW). As for the antimicrobial activities of various extracts of pomegranate peels, the highest antimicrobial activity against\n                    <jats:italic>Micrococcus luteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was achieved by the ethanol extract (MIC = 6.25 mg\/mL), whereas the lowest antimicrobial activity was observed against\n                    <jats:italic>Candida krusei<\/jats:italic>\n                    using the methanol extract (MIC = 100 mg\/mL). These results indicate that pomegranate peels of Jordanian origin are rich in phytochemical content and exhibited strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities making these agroindustrial by-products potential candidates for various medical applications and possible safe sources for important bioactive components.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295129","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]],"date-time":"2023-11-30T13:41:58Z","timestamp":1701351718000},"page":"e0295129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Phytochemical analysis, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of Jordanian Pomegranate peels"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0509-4803","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nuha","family":"Sweidan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid","family":"Abu Rayyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iman","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0295129.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(99)00102-6","article-title":"Studies on antidiarrhoeal activity of Punica granatum seed extract in rats","volume":"68","author":"AK Das","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295129.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2006.09.006","article-title":"Punica granatum (pomegranate) and its potential for prevention and treatment of inflammation and cancer.","volume":"109","author":"EP Lansky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of ethnopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295129.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0225","article-title":"Pomegranate ellagitannin\u2013derived compounds exhibit antiproliferative and antiaromatase activity in breast cancer cells in vitro","volume":"3","author":"LS Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Prevention Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295129.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1021\/jf903762h","article-title":"Colon cancer chemopreventive activities of pomegranate ellagitannins and urolithins","volume":"58","author":"SG Kasimsetty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of agricultural and food chemistry"},{"key":"pone.0295129.ref005","first-page":"22","article-title":"The role of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) in colon cancer","author":"SA Khan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pakistan journal of pharmaceutical sciences"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0295129.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-3941","article-title":"Oral consumption of pomegranate fruit extract inhibits growth and progression of primary lung tumors in mice","volume":"67","author":"N Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295129.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-8741(98)00222-0","article-title":"Antioxidant and eicosanoid enzyme inhibition properties of pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice flavonoids","volume":"66","author":"SY 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