{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:49:16Z","timestamp":1772218156345,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Insight into the daily life experiences of patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome is lacking. The current study explored temporal fluctuations of and associations between positive and negative affect and symptoms throughout the day in previously hospitalised post-COVID-19 patients using an experience sampling methodology. Ten participants (age: median = 60, interquartile range = 9 years; 50% women; 80% \u22651 comorbidity; 8\u201312 months since hospital discharge) filled out brief online questionnaires, six times a day for 14 consecutive days. Positive and negative affect, and self-reported symptoms (physical and mental fatigue, cognitive functioning, dyspnoea, and pain) were assessed in real-time. Primarily, graphs were analysed to assess the individual longitudinal courses of and (concurrent and time-lagged) associations between affect and symptoms. Secondly, correlations or multilevel linear regression models were used to support these interpretations. Visual assessment showed limited temporal fluctuation in affect and symptoms. All symptoms appeared to associate positively with each other (correlations between .26 and .85). Positive affect was associated with lower symptoms severity (\u03b2\u2019s between -.28 and -.67), and negative affect with higher symptoms severity (\u03b2\u2019s between .24 and .66). Time-lagged analyses showed that\u2013adjusted for residual symptom severity of prior measurements\u2013both types of affect predicted symptom severity two hours later (\u03b2\u2019s between -.09 and -.31 for positive affect; between .09 and .28 for negative affect). These findings suggest that positive and negative affect may play important roles in post-COVID-19 symptom experience and temporal fluctuation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295217","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T13:53:46Z","timestamp":1729778026000},"page":"e0295217","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Affect and post-COVID-19 symptoms in daily life: An exploratory experience sampling study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4710-2971","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gerko","family":"Schaap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marleen","family":"Wensink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carine J. M.","family":"Doggen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Job","family":"van der Palen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald E.","family":"Vonkeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0295217.ref001","article-title":"COVID-19 Rapid Guideline: Managing the long-term effects of COVID-19 2021","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295217.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac136","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Post-Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Condition or Long COVID: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.","volume":"226","author":"C Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0295217.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.18931","article-title":"Estimated Global Proportions of Individuals With Persistent Fatigue, Cognitive, and Respiratory Symptom Clusters Following Symptomatic COVID-19 in 2020 and 2021","volume":"328","author":"Global Burden of Disease Long COVID Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101762","article-title":"The prevalence and long-term health effects of Long Covid among hospitalised and non-hospitalised populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"55","author":"LL O\u2019Mahoney","year":"2023","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27309","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"94","author":"P Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0295217.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14357","article-title":"Frequency, signs and symptoms, and criteria adopted for long COVID-19: A systematic review.","volume":"75","author":"AL Cabrera Martimbianco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract."},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref007","article-title":"Prevalence of long-term effects in individuals diagnosed with COVID-19: an updated living systematic review.","author":"FR Domingo","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295217.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005427","article-title":"Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review","volume":"6","author":"M Michelen","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95565-8","article-title":"More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"11","author":"S Lopez-Leon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-020-06001-y","article-title":"Persistent symptoms after Covid-19: qualitative study of 114 \"long Covid\" patients and draft quality principles for services.","volume":"20","author":"E Ladds","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref011","article-title":"Patient symptoms and experience following COVID-19: Results from a UK-wide survey","volume":"8","author":"S Buttery","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295217.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e047632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047632","article-title":"Long COVID and the role of physical activity: a qualitative study","volume":"11","author":"H Humphreys","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0295217.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13003","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192013003","article-title":"\"It Really Is an Elusive Illness\"- Post-COVID-19 Illness Perceptions and Recovery Strategies: A Thematic Analysis.","volume":"19","author":"G Schaap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295217.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.56.3.218","article-title":"The role of positive emotions in positive psychology. The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions.","volume":"56","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am Psychol."},{"issue":"1449","key":"pone.0295217.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2004.1512","article-title":"The broaden\u2013and\u2013build theory of positive emotions.","volume":"359","author":"BL Fredrickson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Philos Trans Royal Society Lond Ser B"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref016","volume-title":"The emotions.","author":"NH Frijda","year":"1986"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295217.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/SPC.0000000000000506","article-title":"Affective traits, states, and breathlessness.","volume":"14","author":"A von Leupoldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr Opin Support Palliat Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295217.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000092","article-title":"The role of positive affect in pain and its treatment","volume":"31","author":"PH Finan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295217.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-017-0703-3","article-title":"Can positive affect attenuate (persistent) pain? State of the art and clinical implications.","volume":"19","author":"MM Hanssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Rheumatology Reports."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295217.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001828","article-title":"Positive affect and chronic pain: a preregistered systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"161","author":"AD Ong","year":"2020","journal-title":"PAIN"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295217.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2478\/amb-2020-0040","article-title":"Subjective Well-Being and its Impact on Cancer-Related Fatigue in Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy and Long-Term Survivors.","volume":"47","author":"R. Strebkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Medica Bulgarica."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295217.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2014.05.001","article-title":"A comparison of fibromyalgia symptoms in patients with Healthy versus Depressive, Low and Reactive affect balance styles","volume":"5","author":"LL Toussaint","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Pain"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref023","volume-title":"The open handbook of experience sampling methodology: A step-by-step guide to designing, conducting, and analyzing ESM studies.","author":"I Myin-Germeys","year":"2022","edition":"2"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0295217.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(98)00097-3","article-title":"Translation, Validation, and Norming of the Dutch Language Version of the SF-36 Health Survey in Community and Chronic Disease Populations.","volume":"51","author":"NK Aaronson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol."},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.111084","article-title":"Physical and mental fatigue in post-COVID syndrome and their associations over time: A small-sample ESM-study to explore fatigue, quality of sleep and behaviours.","volume":"164","author":"M Wensink","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref026","first-page":"88","volume-title":"Handbook of Research Methods for Studying Daily Life.","author":"TS Conner","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295217.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.06.042","article-title":"Unraveling Fatigue in Hemodialysis Patients: Comparing Retrospective Reports to Real-Time Assessments With an mHealth Experienced Sampling Method","volume":"60","author":"ADH Brys","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pain Symptom Manage"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2021.01.009","article-title":"Grumpy or depressed? Disentangling typically developing adolescent mood from prodromal depression using experience sampling methods.","volume":"88","author":"E Dietvorst","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref029","article-title":"Feasibility and validity of Ecological Momentary Assessment in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"20","author":"FAM Jean","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc Disord"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0295217.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2017.07.004","article-title":"How Do Pain, Fatigue, Depressive, and Cognitive Symptoms Relate to Well-Being and Social and Physical Functioning in the Daily Lives of Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis?","volume":"98","author":"AL Kratz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295217.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2019.12.014","article-title":"Poststroke Fatigue and Daily Activity Patterns During Outpatient Rehabilitation: An Experience Sampling Method Study","volume":"101","author":"B Lenaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.10.003","article-title":"Measuring Health-Related Quality of Life by Experiences: The Experience Sampling Method.","volume":"18","author":"IHL Maes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Value Health."},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110161","article-title":"Somatic symptoms and binge eating in women\u2019s daily lives.","volume":"135","author":"KA Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2020.110296","article-title":"Towards personalized assessment of fatigue perpetuating factors in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome using ecological momentary assessment: A pilot study.","volume":"140","author":"M Worm-Smeitink","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref035","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R: Posit Software,","author":"Posit Team","year":"2023"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref036","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1988"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.004","article-title":"Daily fatigue in women with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and fibromyalgia","volume":"128","author":"AJ Zautra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295217.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000527","article-title":"Inducing Somatic Symptoms in Functional Syndrome Patients: Effects of Manipulating State Negative Affect.","volume":"79","author":"M Van Den Houte","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295217.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/bjhp.12229","article-title":"Differential association between affect and somatic symptoms at the between- and within-individual level.","volume":"22","author":"HM Schenk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295217.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.54.2.296","article-title":"Mood and the mundane: relations between daily life events and self-reported mood.","volume":"54","author":"LA Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab247","article-title":"Are Positive Psychology Interventions Efficacious in Chronic Pain Treatment? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"23","author":"C Braunwalder","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s41042-016-0003-6","article-title":"Positive Psychological Interventions and Chronic Non-Cancer Pain: A Systematic Review of the Literature.","volume":"1","author":"JE Iddon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Appl Posit Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295217.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-018-1739-2","article-title":"The effect of positive psychology interventions on well-being and distress in clinical samples with psychiatric or somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"F Chakhssi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatr"},{"key":"pone.0295217.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.03.005","article-title":"Positive cognitive behavior therapy in the treatment of depression: A randomized order within-subject comparison with traditional cognitive behavior therapy.","volume":"116","author":"N Geschwind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295217.ref045","article-title":"Effect of Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 on Long COVID-19: A Narrative Review.","volume":"12","author":"AG Tofarides","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295217","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]],"date-time":"2024-10-24T13:54:00Z","timestamp":1729778040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295217"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Steve","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295217","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.11.20.23298760","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,24]]}}}