{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T21:02:05Z","timestamp":1777064525901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pan-Africa Mosquito Control Association","award":["OPP 1214408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP 1214408"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Residual malaria transmissions in Africa may be associated with improved coverage of insecticide-treated nets, house features, and livestock husbandry. These human-land use activities may drive the ecology and behaviour of malaria vectors which sustain residual malaria transmission. This study was conducted to assess changes in the ecology and behaviour of <jats:italic>Anopheles funestus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles arabiensis<\/jats:italic> in villages with high coverage of insecticide-treated nets to guide the selection of complementary vector control strategies against residual malaria transmission.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Mosquitoes were collected using a CDC-light trap, miniaturized double net trap, and Prokopack aspirator from 222 households in three villages (Ebuyu, Chirombora, and Mzelezi) within Kilombero Valley. <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were morphologically identified to their physiological status and species-complex levels. A sub-sample of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes was exposed to laboratory analyses of sibling species, host preference, and sporozoite rates. Additionally, the local houses were geo-referenced using Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devise, and house features were recorded and associated with vector abundance.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The population of <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> s.s was abundant with high <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic> sporozoite rates inside houses compared to <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic>. However, these vector species equally blood-fed on humans inside houses, but they also flexibly mixed human and animal blood meal. Fewer <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> were caught in houses with metal- than grass roofs and houses with and without animals. Contrastingly, fewer <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic> were caught from houses with screened eaves compared to houses with open eaves.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study confirms that <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>funestus<\/jats:italic> dominates residual malaria transmission over <jats:italic>An<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>arabiensis<\/jats:italic>. These vector species exhibit anthropophily and opportunistic blood-feeding behaviour in areas with high coverage of insecticide-treated nets, but they numerically respond differently to local house improvements. These results imply that integrating mosquito-proof houses, improved insecticide-treated nets, and livestock-based interventions could effectively reduce and eventually eliminate residual malaria transmission.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T19:23:04Z","timestamp":1733426584000},"page":"e0295482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The bionomics of Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus inside local houses and their implications for vector control strategies in areas with high coverage of insecticide-treated nets in South-eastern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8908-0315","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alex J.","family":"Limwagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Betwel J.","family":"Msugupakulya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halfan S.","family":"Ngowo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yohana A.","family":"Mwalugelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masoud S.","family":"Kilalangongono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faraji A.","family":"Samli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Said K.","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fredros O.","family":"Okumu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Billy E.","family":"Ngasala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issa N.","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0295482.ref001","unstructured":"WHO. 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