{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T23:38:02Z","timestamp":1783640282405,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital of China","award":["GZSYQN[2019]09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GZSYQN[2019]09"]}]},{"name":"Guiyang Science and Technology Bureau Science and Technology Major Special Plan"},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital Public Health and Epidemic Prevention and Control Series Research Contract","award":["[2020] -4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["[2020] -4-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005150","name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2019PT320003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019PT320003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005150","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008455","name":"University of Michigan Medical School","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To fully understand COVID-19, it is critical to study all possible hosts of SARS-CoV-2 (the pathogen of COVID-19). In this work, we collected, annotated, and performed ontology-based taxonomical analysis of all the reported and verified hosts for all human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43, and HCoV-HKU1. A total of 37 natural hosts and 19 laboratory animal hosts of human coronaviruses were identified based on experimental evidence. Our analysis found that all the verified susceptible natural and laboratory animals belong to therian mammals. Specifically, these 37 natural therian hosts include one wildlife marsupial mammal (i.e., Virginia opossum) and 36 Eutheria mammals (a.k.a. placental mammals). The 19 laboratory animal hosts are also classified as therian mammals. The mouse models with genetically modified human ACE2 or DPP4 were more susceptible to virulent human coronaviruses with clear symptoms, suggesting the critical role of ACE2 and DPP4 to coronavirus virulence. Coronaviruses became more virulent and adaptive in the mouse hosts after a series of viral passages in the mice, providing clue to the possible coronavirus origination. The Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market animals identified early in the COVID-19 outbreak were also systematically analyzed as possible COVID-19 hosts. To support knowledge standardization and query, the annotated host knowledge was modeled and represented in the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO). Based on our and others\u2019 findings, we further propose a MOVIE model (i.e., Multiple-Organism viral Variations and Immune Evasion) to address how viral variations in therian animal hosts and the host immune evasion might have led to dynamic COVID-19 pandemic outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295541","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T18:24:30Z","timestamp":1705947870000},"page":"e0295541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ontology-based taxonomical analysis of experimentally verified natural and laboratory human coronavirus hosts and its implication for COVID-19 virus origination and transmission"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5986-9593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhui","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary Thomas","family":"Freeman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianwei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9189-9661","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yongqun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"49","key":"pone.0295541.ref001","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Revised US surveillance case definition for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and update on SARS cases\u2014United States and worldwide, December 2003.","volume":"52","author":"Control CfD, Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morbidity and mortality weekly report"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0295541.ref002","first-page":"S90","article-title":"Chance missed, but still there! 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