{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T02:33:11Z","timestamp":1790130791573,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005747","name":"The A.P. Moller Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20-L-0186"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-L-0186"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000724","name":"The Health Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20-B-0214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-B-0214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000724","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Danish Rheumatism Association","award":["R181-A6356"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R181-A6356"]}]},{"name":"The Physiotherapy Practice Foundation","award":["R176-A4095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R176-A4095"]}]},{"name":"Foundation of the National Health Security System (Fonden for Faglig Udvikling af Speciall\u00e6gepraksis)","award":["A2387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2387"]}]},{"name":"The Aase and Ejnar Danielsen's Foundation","award":["18-10-0559"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-10-0559"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common disease with high socioeconomical costs. In Denmark, standard rehabilitation (SR) consists of a combination of patient education and supervised physical exercise involving a standardized neuromuscular training program. As an evidence-based alternative, high\u2013load (&gt;70% 1RM) resistance training (HIRT) has shown positive rehabilitation effects in knee-OA but may not be tolerated in all patients (~25%) due to knee joint pain. However, low-load resistance training (20\u201340% 1RM) with concurrent partial blood-flow restriction (BFR) appears to produce effects similar to HIRT yet involving reduced joint pain during and after exercise.<\/jats:p><jats:p>The aim is to examine the effect of low-load BFR training compared to SR on pain, thigh muscle mass and muscle function in adults with knee-OA. We hypothesize that 12 weeks of BFR will lead to superior improvements in pain, muscle mass and mechanical muscle function compared to SR.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods and analysis<\/jats:title><jats:p>90 participants diagnosed with radiographic knee-OA will be randomized to either BFR or SR twice a week for 12 weeks. BFR will consist of two selected lower limb strength exercises performed with an inflated pneumatic occlusion cuff. Intervention procedures in SR consist of a full 8 weeks GLA:D course followed by 4 weeks of team group training.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Primary outcome variable is the change in KOOS-Pain subscale from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcome variables are changes in pain sensitivity, functional performance, muscle mass and mechanical muscle function.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Intention-to-treat and per-protocol analyses will be conducted. One-way analysis of variance will be performed to evaluate between-group changes. Pre-to-post intervention comparisons will be analyzed using a mixed linear model. Regression analysis will be performed to evaluate potential associations between selected outcome variables.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T18:36:04Z","timestamp":1702578964000},"page":"e0295666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Physiological and clinical effects of low-intensity blood-flow restricted resistance exercise compared to standard rehabilitation in adults with knee osteoarthritis\u2013Protocol for a randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3322-6044","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brian","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9773-7361","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Per","family":"Aagaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-9152","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mikkel H.","family":"Hjortsh\u00f8j","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie K.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Suetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Coupp\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Peter","family":"Magnusson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Finn E.","family":"Johannsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0295666.ref001","article-title":"Danskernes Sundhed\u2014Den Nationale Sundhedsprofil 2021.","author":"H Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sundhedsstyrelsen"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref002","article-title":"De samfundsm\u00e6ssige omkostninger ved artrose.","author":"N Johnsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statens Institut for Folkesundhed."},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref003","author":"Sundhedsstyrelsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kn\u00e6artrose\u2014Nationale kliniske retningslinjer og faglige visitationsretningslinjer"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopr.2013.01.008","article-title":"The pathophysiology of osteoarthritis","volume":"7","author":"Z Ashkavand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacy Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.11.019","article-title":"Current evidence on risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"V Silverwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.10.008","article-title":"Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for development of knee osteoarthritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"BE \u00d8iestad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2014.01.003","article-title":"OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"22","author":"TE McAlindon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-11-126","article-title":"Feasibility of neuromuscular training in patients with severe hip or knee OA: the individualized goal-based NEMEX-TJR training program.","volume":"11","author":"E Ageberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC musculoskeletal disorders."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjpt.2020.08.004","article-title":"Knee osteoarthritis: key treatments and implications for physical therapy","volume":"25","author":"LO Dantas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz J Phys Ther"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2015-095424","article-title":"Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A Cochrane Systematic Review.","volume":"1","author":"M Fransen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.02.839","article-title":"Low-dose strength training in addition to neuromuscular exercise and education in patients with knee osteoarthritis in secondary care\u2014a randomized controlled trial","volume":"28","author":"PM Holm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295666.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2015.04.021","article-title":"The efficacy of 12 weeks non-surgical treatment for patients not eligible for total knee replacement: a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up.","volume":"23","author":"ST Skou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0295666.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130642","article-title":"Immediate efficacy of neuromuscular exercise in patients with severe osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"41","author":"A Villadsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of rheumatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.024","article-title":"Immediate outcomes following the GLA:D\u00ae program in Denmark, Canada and Australia. A longitudinal analysis including 28,370 patients with symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis.","volume":"29","author":"EM Roos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthr Cartil."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295666.ref015","first-page":"A4554","article-title":"Group education and exercise is feasible in knee and hip osteoarthritis","volume":"59","author":"ST Skou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Danish medical journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-017-1439-y","article-title":"Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D\u2122): evidence-based education and supervised neuromuscular exercise delivered by certified physiotherapists nationwide.","volume":"18","author":"ST Skou","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC musculoskeletal disorders."},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref017","article-title":"Exercise and education versus saline injections for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised controlled equivalence trial","author":"E Bandak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2017.11.005","article-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation and implementation of Good Life with osteoarthritis in Denmark (GLA:D\u2122): group education and exercise for hip and knee osteoarthritis is feasible in Canada.","volume":"26","author":"AM Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295666.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1796","article-title":"Strength training in addition to neuromuscular exercise and education in individuals with knee osteoarthritis-the effects on pain and sensitization","volume":"25","author":"PM Holm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0295666.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2018.07.010","article-title":"The impact of physical activity level on the short- and long-term pain relief from supervised exercise therapy and education: a study of 12,796 Danish patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"26","author":"ST Skou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2008.05.005","article-title":"Role of muscle in the genesis and management of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"34","author":"KL Bennell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rheumatic diseases clinics of North America"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0295666.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.14035","article-title":"Reduced knee extensor torque production at low to moderate velocities in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis.","volume":"31","author":"C Rodriguez-Lopez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-1940","article-title":"Functional performance is associated with both knee extensor and flexor muscle strength in patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty: A cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"B Skoffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of rehabilitation medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23005","article-title":"Knee Extensor Strength and Risk of Structural, Symptomatic, and Functional Decline in Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"69","author":"AG Culvenor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis care & research."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-016-4064-7","article-title":"Exercises with partial vascular occlusion in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial.","volume":"24","author":"FF Bryk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001530","article-title":"Benefits of Resistance Training with Blood Flow Restriction in Knee Osteoarthritis.","volume":"50","author":"RB Ferraz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060300","article-title":"Investigation of clinical effects of high- and low-resistance training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"88","author":"MH Jan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physical therapy."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2012.08.009","article-title":"Effects of low-load resistance training combined with blood flow restriction or hypoxia on muscle function and performance in netball athletes","volume":"16","author":"A Manimmanakorn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of science and medicine in sport"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2015.04.014","article-title":"Blood flow restricted exercise for athletes: A review of available evidence.","volume":"19","author":"BR Scott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of science and medicine in sport"},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0295666.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-096329","article-title":"Quadriceps strengthening with and without blood flow restriction in the treatment of patellofemoral pain: a double-blind randomised trial","volume":"51","author":"L Giles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13632","article-title":"Effect of blood-flow restricted vs heavy-load strength training on muscle strength: Systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"30","author":"BM Gr\u00f8nfeldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0295666.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2016-097071","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training in clinical musculoskeletal rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"L Hughes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00768.2019","article-title":"The effect of blood flow restriction exercise on exercise-induced hypoalgesia and endogenous opioid and endocannabinoid mechanisms of pain modulation","volume":"128","author":"L Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-017-0795-y","article-title":"Magnitude of Muscle Strength and Mass Adaptations Between High-Load Resistance Training Versus Low-Load Resistance Training Associated with Blood-Flow Restriction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"48","author":"ME Lixandr\u00e3o","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00149.2012","article-title":"Low-intensity exercise can increase muscle mass and strength proportionally to enhanced metabolic stress under ischemic conditions","volume":"113","author":"S Takada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12087","article-title":"Muscle size and arterial stiffness after blood flow-restricted low-intensity resistance training in older adults","volume":"24","author":"T Yasuda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0295666.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0259574","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259574","article-title":"The effects of resistance training with blood flow restriction on muscle strength, muscle hypertrophy and functionality in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"LP Dos Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS one."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.23911","article-title":"Low-Load Resistance Training With Blood-Flow Restriction in Relation to Muscle Function, Mass, and Functionality in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis.","volume":"72","author":"R Rodrigues","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis care & research."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1097\/JES.0b013e31819c2e5c","article-title":"Blood flow restricted exercise and skeletal muscle health","volume":"37","author":"TM Manini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"533","key":"pone.0295666.ref040","article-title":"Blood Flow Restriction Exercise: Considerations of Methodology, Application, and Safety.","volume":"10","author":"SD Patterson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-018-0994-1","article-title":"Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy in Older Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","volume":"49","author":"C Centner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports medicine (Auckland, NZ)."},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0295666.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.237008","article-title":"Proliferation of myogenic stem cells in human skeletal muscle in response to low-load resistance training with blood flow restriction","volume":"590","author":"JL Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2017.1388850","article-title":"The efficacy of resistance training in hypoxia to enhance strength and muscle growth: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"18","author":"DJ Ramos-Campo","year":"2018","journal-title":"European journal of sport science"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000231","article-title":"Myocellular Adaptations to Low-Load Blood Flow Restricted Resistance Training.","volume":"48","author":"K Vissing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref045","article-title":"Impact of blood flow-restricted bodyweight exercise on skeletal muscle adaptations","author":"JE Jakobsgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinical physiology and functional imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1123\/jab.22.2.112","article-title":"Effects of low-load resistance training with vascular occlusion on the mechanical properties of muscle and tendon.","volume":"22","author":"K Kubo","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Appl Biomech."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2011.10.001","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 explanation and elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"10","author":"D Moher","year":"2012","journal-title":"International journal of surgery (London, England)."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295666.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e049541","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-049541","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of an 8-week supervised education and exercise therapy programme for knee and hip osteoarthritis: a pre\u2013post analysis of 16\u2009255 patients participating in Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark (GLA:D).","volume":"11","author":"DT Gr\u00f8nne","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1249\/JES.0000000000000030","article-title":"Neuromuscular exercise as treatment of degenerative knee disease.","volume":"43","author":"E Ageberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exerc Sport Sci Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1111\/cpf.12259","article-title":"Effects of blood-flow-restricted resistance training on muscle function in a 74-year-old male with sporadic inclusion body myositis: a case report.","volume":"36","author":"AN J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical physiology and functional imaging."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0295666.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e034376","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-034376","article-title":"Efficacy of low-load blood flow restricted resistance EXercise in patients with Knee osteoarthritis scheduled for total knee replacement (EXKnee): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial.","volume":"10","author":"SL J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0295666.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13676","article-title":"Is there rationale for the cuff pressures prescribed for blood flow restriction exercise? A systematic review.","volume":"30","author":"MJ Clarkson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14198\/jhse.2021.164.02","article-title":"Determining the optimal blood flow restriction protocol for maximising muscle hypertrophy and strength, pressure and cuff width: A mini-review.","volume":"16","author":"T. N\u00e6ss","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Sport Exerc."},{"issue":"23","key":"pone.0295666.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097738","article-title":"Blood flow restriction training: a novel approach to augment clinical rehabilitation: how to do it","volume":"51","author":"SD Patterson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Sports Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.70252\/LYGQ7085","article-title":"Blood Flow Restriction Training: Implementation into Clinical Practice.","volume":"10","author":"WR Vanwye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Exerc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"RM-testmanual","volume":"1","author":"H. Hansen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Danish Physiotherapy Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref057","first-page":"584","article-title":"Prediction of one repetition maximum strength from multiple repetition maximum testing and anthropometry","volume":"20","author":"JM Reynolds","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"pone.0295666.ref058","first-page":"S208","article-title":"Measures of knee function: International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Evaluation Form, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS), Knee Outcome Survey Activities of Daily Living Scale (KOS-ADL), Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale, Oxford Knee Score (OKS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Activity Rating Scale (ARS), and Tegner Activity Score (TAS).","volume":"63","author":"NJ Collins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis care & research."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0295666.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2016.03.010","article-title":"Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): systematic review and meta-analysis of measurement properties.","volume":"24","author":"NJ Collins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-1-64","article-title":"The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS): from joint injury to osteoarthritis.","volume":"1","author":"EM Roos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health and quality of life outcomes."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.1998.28.2.88","article-title":"Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS)\u2014development of a self-administered outcome measure.","volume":"28","author":"EM Roos","year":"1998","journal-title":"The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2014.08.009","article-title":"Meaningful changes for the Oxford hip and knee scores after joint replacement surgery","volume":"68","author":"DJ Beard","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111448","article-title":"Assessment of functional sit-to-stand muscle power: Cross-sectional trajectories across the lifespan","volume":"152","author":"J Alcazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Experimental gerontology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12737","article-title":"Relative sit-to-stand power: aging trajectories, functionally relevant cut-off points, and normative data in a large European cohort.","volume":"12","author":"J Alcazar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0295666.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2013.05.002","article-title":"OARSI recommended performance-based tests to assess physical function in people diagnosed with hip or knee osteoarthritis","volume":"21","author":"F Dobson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1002\/pri.411","article-title":"Reliability of performance-based measures in people awaiting joint replacement surgery of the hip or knee","volume":"13","author":"S Gill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiother Res Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/02701367.1999.10608028","article-title":"A 30-s chair-stand test as a measure of lower body strength in community-residing older adults.","volume":"70","author":"CJ Jones","year":"1999","journal-title":"Research quarterly for exercise and sport."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2011.3515","article-title":"A comparison of 3 methodological approaches to defining major clinically important improvement of 4 performance measures in patients with hip osteoarthritis","volume":"41","author":"AA Wright","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy"},{"issue":"Suppl 11","key":"pone.0295666.ref069","first-page":"S350","article-title":"Measures of physical performance assessments: Self-Paced Walk Test (SPWT), Stair Climb Test (SCT), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), Chair Stand Test (CST), Timed Up & Go (TUG), Sock Test, Lift and Carry Test (LCT), and Car Task.","volume":"63","author":"K Bennell","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis care & research."},{"issue":"Suppl 10","key":"pone.0295666.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.24373","article-title":"Measures of Physical Performance.","volume":"72","author":"G Coleman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis care & research."},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1080\/1403819038190310017075","article-title":"Test\u2013retest Reliability of Lower Extremity Functional and Self-reported Measures in Elderly with Osteoarthritis.","volume":"5","author":"R Davey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Advances in Physiotherapy."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-6-3","article-title":"Assessing stability and change of four performance measures: a longitudinal study evaluating outcome following total hip and knee arthroplasty.","volume":"6","author":"DM Kennedy","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMC musculoskeletal disorders."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01307.2003","article-title":"Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse","volume":"97","author":"C Suetta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)."},{"issue":"Pt. 2","key":"pone.0295666.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00613.x","article-title":"A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture","volume":"534","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2001","journal-title":"The Journal of physiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00283.2002","article-title":"Increased rate of force development and neural drive of human skeletal muscle following resistance training","volume":"93","author":"P Aagaard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198602000-00009","article-title":"Analysis of the reliability and validity of the kinetic communicator exercise device","volume":"18","author":"M Farrell","year":"1986","journal-title":"Medicine and science in sports and exercise"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2007.00732.x","article-title":"Explosive heavy-resistance training in old and very old adults: changes in rapid muscle force, strength and power.","volume":"18","author":"P Caserotti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1211-6","article-title":"Panoramic ultrasonography is a valid method to measure changes in skeletal muscle cross-sectional area","volume":"108","author":"JP Ahtiainen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.7575\/aiac.ijkss.v.5n.1p.35","article-title":"Test-Retest Reliability of Muscle Thickness, Echo-Intensity and Cross Sectional Area of Quadriceps and Hamstrings Muscle Groups Using B-mode Ultrasound.","volume":"5","author":"C Ruas","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-013-9567-2","article-title":"Short-term strength training improves muscle quality and functional capacity of elderly women.","volume":"36","author":"RS Pinto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Age (Dordrecht, Netherlands)."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295666.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3286","article-title":"Validity of real-time ultrasound imaging to measure anterior hip muscle size: a comparison with magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"40","author":"MD Mendis","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295666.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-010-1402-1","article-title":"Assessment of quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area by ultrasound extended-field-of-view imaging","volume":"109","author":"M Noorkoiv","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295666.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2012.04.018","article-title":"Reliability and validity of panoramic ultrasound for muscle quantification","volume":"38","author":"JM Scott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12172","article-title":"Panoramic ultrasound: a novel and valid tool for monitoring change in muscle mass.","volume":"8","author":"JM Scott","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14683","article-title":"Methodological considerations for and validation of the ultrasonographic determination of human skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy.","volume":"9","author":"T Stokes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiological Reports."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295666.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0820321","article-title":"Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women","volume":"82","author":"EJ Bassey","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00713504","article-title":"A new method for measuring power output in a single leg extension: feasibility, reliability and validity","volume":"60","author":"EJ Bassey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295666.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13524","article-title":"Influence of between-limb asymmetry in muscle mass, strength, and power on functional capacity in healthy older adults.","volume":"29","author":"KH Mertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.00556","article-title":"Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Changes in Response to Short-Term Blood Flow Restricted Training-Exercise-Induced Adaptations and Signs of Perivascular Stress.","volume":"11","author":"JL Nielsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in physiology"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"pone.0295666.ref090","first-page":"68","volume":"14","author":"J. Bergstrom","year":"1962","journal-title":"Muscle electrolytes in man determined by neutron activation analysis on needle biopsy specimens"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12808","article-title":"The muscle biopsy technique. Historical and methodological considerations","volume":"27","author":"B. Ekblom","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01354.2007","article-title":"Resistance training induces qualitative changes in muscle morphology, muscle architecture, and muscle function in elderly postoperative patients","volume":"105","author":"C Suetta","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md: 1985)."},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s00590-019-02391-w","article-title":"Pressure algometry is a suitable tool to assess anterior knee pain in osteoarthritic patients","volume":"29","author":"P Hinarejos","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295666.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2015.03.016","article-title":"Pressure algometry is a useful tool to quantify pain in the medial part of the knee: an intra- and inter-reliability study in healthy subjects.","volume":"101","author":"X Pelfort","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orthopaedics & traumatology, surgery & research: OTSR."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31818f051c","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a pressure algometer","volume":"23","author":"AM Kinser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of strength and conditioning research"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.27.1961","article-title":"Reliability and responsiveness of algometry for measuring pressure pain threshold in patients with knee osteoarthritis","volume":"27","author":"E Mutlu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of physical therapy science"},{"key":"pone.0295666.ref097","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pain pressure threshold algometry in knee osteoarthritis: intra- and inter-rater reliability","author":"MB Stausholm","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiotherapy theory and practice"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2011.02.009","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of Quantitative Sensory Testing in knee osteoarthritis and healthy participants","volume":"19","author":"V Wylde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295666.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-020-04952-5","article-title":"Exercise therapy and patient education versus intra-articular saline injections in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: an evidence-based protocol for an open-label randomised controlled trial (the DISCO trial).","volume":"22","author":"E Bandak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295666.ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2010.02.002","article-title":"Quadriceps weakness predicts risk for knee joint space narrowing in women in the MOST cohort","volume":"18","author":"NA Segal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis and cartilage"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295666.ref101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020265","article-title":"Blood-Flow Restriction Resistance Exercise for Older Adults with Knee Osteoarthritis: A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"SA Harper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295666","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T01:36:01Z","timestamp":1730856961000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295666"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ramskov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}}}