{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T18:50:38Z","timestamp":1772218238835,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016270","name":"Global Challenges Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ES\/P011543\/1, 2017\u20132021,"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ES\/P011543\/1, 2017\u20132021,"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS One"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec015\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>High HIV prevalence has been documented among people who inject drugs in Myanmar particularly in mining and borderland areas. We estimated incidence of HIV among people using drugs (via injecting and other routes) and examine associations between location in mining or borderland areas and risk of infection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec016\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Analysis of data among clients registered at harm reduction programmes across Sagaing region, Kachin, and Northern Shan States between 2014\u20132021. Data on sociodemographic, drug use characteristics and clinic-level data on borderland or mining locations were collected at time of registration. Characteristics, repeat HIV testing and HIV seroconversion were analysed using a cohort approach. We use Poisson regression models to examine associations between location in a borderland or mining area and incidence of HIV, adjusting for confounders. Data were available for 85,093 clients, 52,526 reported HIV tests and 20.0% were seropositive. 38,670 clients had no or only one recorded HIV result. The median time between HIV tests was 1.1 years. Among 13,359 clients with 2 or more HIV tests the HIV seroconversion rate was 3.8 per 100 person years (pyrs) (95% CI 3.6\u20134.0). Incidence among those who injected drugs was 6.8 per 100\/pyrs, 8.9 among those aged \u00a0\u2264\u00a0 25 years, 2.3 among women, 2.3 among those who had migrated, 5.6 among those located in border areas, and 3.7 among those in mining areas. After adjusting for confounders, HIV incidence remained higher for people located in borderland areas (Incidence Rate Ratio 1.67 95% CI 1.13\u20132.45) but there was no evidence of association between location in a mining area and HIV seroconversion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec017\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings highlight the need to intensify harm reduction interventions with a focus on cross-border interventions. Increasing uptake of HIV testing alongside the scale up of evidenced based interventions is urgently needed to curb the high rates of HIV transmission associated with drug use, particularly among young people.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T13:23:47Z","timestamp":1746797027000},"page":"e0295727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of location in mining or borderland areas on HIV incidence among people who use drugs attending a harm reduction programme in Myanmar, 2014\u20132021: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0943-0045","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lucy","family":"Platt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khine","family":"Wut Yee Kyaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8783-7724","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sujit D.","family":"Rathod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aung","family":"Yu Naing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Garkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Murdo","family":"Bijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bayard","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9651","key":"pone.0295727.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61311-2","article-title":"Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review","volume":"372","author":"BM Mathers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295727.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2009.11.007","article-title":"Meth\/amphetamine use and associated HIV: Implications for global policy and public health","volume":"21","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"pone.0295727.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/603a2a94-en","volume-title":"World Drug Report 2016","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295727.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200001070-00009","article-title":"Overland heroin trafficking routes and HIV-1 spread in south and south-east Asia","volume":"14","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295727.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-023-00506-z","article-title":"Correction to: Determinants of health among people who use illicit drugs in the conflict-affected countries of Afghanistan, Colombia and Myanmar: a systematic review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"17","author":"S O\u2019Brien","year":"2023","journal-title":"Confl Health"},{"key":"pone.0295727.ref006","unstructured":"Publication UN. 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