{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:42:35Z","timestamp":1793299355897,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BriansCAN"},{"name":"Canadian Open Science Platform"},{"name":"Faculty of Education Internal Grant"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100019117","name":"Vector Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100019117","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Images have been shown to consistently differ in terms of their memorability in healthy adults: some images stick in one\u2019s mind while others are forgotten quickly. Studies have suggested that memorability is an intrinsic, continuous property of a visual stimulus that can be both measured and manipulated. Memory literature suggests that important developmental changes occur throughout adolescence that have an impact on recognition memory, yet the effect that these changes have on image memorability has not yet been investigated. In the current study, we recruited adolescents ages 11\u201318 (n = 273, mean = 16) to an online visual memory experiment to explore the effects of developmental changes throughout adolescence on image memorability, and determine if memorability findings in adults can be generalized to the adolescent age group. We used the online experiment to calculate adolescent memorability scores for 1,000 natural images, and compared the results to the MemCat dataset\u2014a memorability dataset that is annotated with adult memorability scores (ages 19\u201327). Our study finds that memorability scores in adolescents and adults are strongly and significantly correlated (Spearman\u2019s rank correlation, <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.76, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). This correlation persists even when comparing adults with developmentally different sub-groups of adolescents (ages 11\u201314: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.67, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001; ages 15\u201318: <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = 0.60, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.001). Moreover, the rankings of image categories by mean memorability scores were identical in both adolescents and adults (including the adolescent sub-groups), indicating that broadly, certain image categories are more memorable for both adolescents and adults. Interestingly, however, adolescents experienced significantly higher false alarm rates than adults, supporting studies that show increased impulsivity and reward-seeking behaviour in adolescents. Our results reveal that the memorability of images remains consistent across individuals at different stages of development. This consistency aligns with and strengthens prior research, indicating that memorability is an intrinsic property of images. Our findings open new pathways for applying memorability studies in adolescent populations, with profound implications in fields such as education, marketing, and psychology. Our work paves the way for innovative approaches in these domains, leveraging the consistent nature of image memorability across age groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T18:29:16Z","timestamp":1703096956000},"page":"e0295940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Memoir study: Investigating image memorability across developmental stages"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gal","family":"Almog","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Alavi Naeini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma G.","family":"Duerden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-957X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yalda","family":"Mohsenzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"38","key":"pone.0295940.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14325","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803390105","article-title":"Visual long-term memory has a massive storage capacity for object details","volume":"105","author":"TF Brady","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola P, Xiao J, Torralba A, Oliva A. What makes an image memorable? In: CVPR 2011. IEEE; 2011. p. 145\u2013152.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2011.5995721"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosla A, Raju AS, Torralba A, Oliva A. Understanding and predicting image memorability at a large scale. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision; 2015. p. 2390\u20132398.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.275"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.063","article-title":"Memorability: A stimulus-driven perceptual neural signature distinctive from memory","volume":"149","author":"WA Bainbridge","year":"2017","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bainbridge WA. Memorability: how what we see influences what we remember. In: Psychology of Learning and Motivation. vol. 70. Elsevier; 2019. p. 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.plm.2019.02.001"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0295940.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2013.234","article-title":"What makes a visualization memorable?","volume":"19","author":"MA Borkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2015.03.005","article-title":"Intrinsic and extrinsic effects on image memorability","volume":"116","author":"Z Bylinskii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vision research"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0295940.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2020.04.001","article-title":"Understanding image memorability","volume":"24","author":"NC Rust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in cognitive sciences"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goetschalckx L, Andonian A, Oliva A, Isola P. Ganalyze: Toward visual definitions of cognitive image properties. In: Proceedings of the IEEE\/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision; 2019. p. 5744\u20135753.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2019.00584"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0295940.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2013.200","article-title":"What makes a photograph memorable?","volume":"36","author":"P Isola","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8169","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.8169","article-title":"MemCat: a new category-based image set quantified on memorability","volume":"7","author":"L Goetschalckx","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isola P, Parikh D, Torralba A, Oliva A. Understanding the intrinsic memorability of images. In: Advances in neural information processing systems; 2011. p. 2429\u20132437.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA554133"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0295940.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2017.1383435","article-title":"Image memorability across longer time intervals","volume":"26","author":"L Goetschalckx","year":"2018","journal-title":"Memory"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295940.ref014","first-page":"610","article-title":"Memorability of photographs in subjective cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment: Implications for cognitive assessment","volume":"11","author":"WA Bainbridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295940.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2019.1652328","article-title":"Incidental image memorability","volume":"27","author":"L Goetschalckx","year":"2019","journal-title":"Memory"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2021.104714","article-title":"Visual memorability in the absence of semantic content","volume":"212","author":"Q Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107408","article-title":"The resiliency of image memorability: A predictor of memory separate from attention and priming","author":"WA Bainbridge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295940.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42429-x","article-title":"The perceptual neural trace of memorable unseen scenes","volume":"9","author":"Y Mohsenzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosla A, Xiao J, Isola P, Torralba A, Oliva A. Image memorability and visual inception. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2012 technical briefs; 2012. p. 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1145\/2407746.2407781"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perera S, Tal A, Zelnik-Manor L. Is Image Memorability Prediction Solved? In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops; 2019. p. 0\u20130.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPRW.2019.00108"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mancas M, Le Meur O. Memorability of natural scenes: The role of attention. In: 2013 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing. IEEE; 2013. p. 196\u2013200.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2013.6738041"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295940.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3932(00)00108-1","article-title":"Recognition and source memory for pictures in children and adults","volume":"39","author":"YM Cycowicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295940.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2007.01129.x","article-title":"The development of recollection and familiarity in childhood and adolescence: Evidence from the dual-process signal detection model","volume":"79","author":"S Ghetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Child development"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295940.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2011.01642.x","article-title":"Developmental changes in item and source memory: Evidence from an ERP recognition memory study with children, adolescents, and adults","volume":"82","author":"V Sprondel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295940.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33497","article-title":"Perception and recognition of faces in adolescence","volume":"6","author":"D Fuhrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0295940.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.047142.117","article-title":"Development of mnemonic discrimination during childhood","volume":"25","author":"L Rollins","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295940.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1865","article-title":"Differential development of high-level visual cortex correlates with category-specific recognition memory","volume":"10","author":"G Golarai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref028","first-page":"80","article-title":"Differential development of the ventral visual cortex extends through adolescence","volume":"3","author":"G Golarai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Frontiers in human neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0295940.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1950","article-title":"Development of the declarative memory system in the human brain","volume":"10","author":"N Ofen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature neuroscience"},{"issue":"28","key":"pone.0295940.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9548","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3500-09.2010","article-title":"Developmental differences in medial temporal lobe function during memory encoding","volume":"30","author":"S Ghetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295940.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2004.00689.x","article-title":"Behavioral measurement of remembering phenomenologies: So simple a child can do it","volume":"75","author":"CJ Brainerd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Child development"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0295940.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033872","article-title":"The intrinsic memorability of face photographs","volume":"142","author":"WA Bainbridge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akagunduz E, Bors A, Evans K. Defining image memorability using the visual memory schema. IEEE transactions on pattern analysis and machine intelligence. 2019;.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2019.2914392"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410611147","volume-title":"Detection theory: A user\u2019s guide","author":"NA Macmillan","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khosla A, Bainbridge WA, Torralba A, Oliva A. Modifying the memorability of face photographs. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision; 2013. p. 3200\u20133207.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.397"},{"issue":"8476","key":"pone.0295940.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement","volume":"327","author":"JM Bland","year":"1986","journal-title":"The lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295940.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1910.tb00206.x","article-title":"Correlation calculated from faulty data","volume":"3","author":"C Spearman","year":"1910","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology, 1904-1920"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295940.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1910.tb00207.x","article-title":"Some experimental results in the correlation of mental abilities 1","volume":"3","author":"W Brown","year":"1910","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology, 1904-1920"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0295940.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1101\/lm.053539.121","article-title":"Adolescent-specific memory effects: evidence from working memory, immediate and long-term recognition memory performance in 8\u201330 yr olds","volume":"29","author":"LJ Skalaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Learning & Memory"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47596","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.47596","article-title":"Population response magnitude variation in inferotemporal cortex predicts image memorability","volume":"8","author":"A Jaegle","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tustin K, Hayne H. Recollection improves with age: Children\u2019s and adults\u2019 accounts of their childhood experiences. In: Remembering and Forgetting Early Childhood. Routledge; 2020. p. 92\u2013102.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003030102-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0295940.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0213010","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213010","article-title":"Working memory improves developmentally as neural processes stabilize","volume":"14","author":"DF Montez","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0295940.ref043","first-page":"2022","article-title":"Children Develop Adult-Like Visual Sensitivity to Image Memorability by the Age of Four","author":"X Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295940.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking","volume":"28","author":"L Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295940.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2007.03.009","article-title":"Emotional and cognitive changes during adolescence","volume":"17","author":"D Yurgelun-Todd","year":"2007","journal-title":"Current opinion in neurobiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295940.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.003","article-title":"The adolescent brain","volume":"28","author":"BJ Casey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental review"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295940","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T18:29:51Z","timestamp":1703096991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295940"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Thiago P.","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0295940","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]]}}}