{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:25:25Z","timestamp":1783038325701,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NSF Engineering","award":["1254842"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1254842"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002322","name":"Schlumberger Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Faculty For Future fellowship grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Faculty For Future fellowship grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006928","name":"Ohio State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGGRS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGGRS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006928","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preferred walking speed is a widely-used performance measure for people with mobility issues, but is usually measured in straight line walking for fixed distances or durations, and without explicitly accounting for turning. However, daily walking involves walking for bouts of different distances and walking with turning, with prior studies showing that short bouts with at most 10 steps could be 40% of all bouts and turning steps could be 8-50% of all steps. Here, we studied walking in a straight line for short distances (4 m to 23 m) and walking in circles (1 m to 3 m turning radii) in people with transtibial amputation or transfemoral amputation using a passive ankle-foot prosthesis (Jaipur Foot). We found that the study participants\u2019 preferred walking speeds are lower for shorter straight-line walking distances and lower for circles of smaller radii, which is analogous to earlier results in subjects without amputation. Using inverse optimization, we estimated the cost of changing speeds and turning such that the observed preferred walking speeds in our experiments minimizes the total cost of walking. The inferred costs of changing speeds and turning were larger for subjects with amputation compared to subjects without amputation in a previous study, specifically, being 4x to 8x larger for the turning cost and being highest for subjects with transfemoral amputation. Such high costs inferred by inverse optimization could potentially include non-energetic costs such as due to joint or interfacial stress or stability concerns, as inverse optimization cannot distinguish such terms from true metabolic cost. These experimental findings and models capturing the experimental trends could inform prosthesis design and rehabilitation therapy to better assist changing speeds and turning tasks. Further, measuring the preferred speed for a range of distances and radii could be a more comprehensive subject-specific measure of walking performance than commonly used straight line walking metrics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]],"date-time":"2024-01-02T19:31:45Z","timestamp":1704223905000},"page":"e0295993","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Walking speeds are lower for short distance and turning locomotion: Experiments and modeling in low-cost prosthesis users"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5159-9717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nidhi","family":"Seethapathi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil Kumar","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7811-3617","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Manoj","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0295993.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/26.1.15","article-title":"Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20 to 79 years: reference values and determinants","volume":"26","author":"RW Bohannon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Age and ageing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0295993.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649309164360","article-title":"Walking speed of normal subjects and amputees: aspects of validity of gait analysis","volume":"17","author":"A 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The timed 100-meter walk test: an easy-to-use, sensitive tool to detect and evaluate restricted walking capacities in multiple sclerosis. 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