{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:29:26Z","timestamp":1791548966350,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The global population of individuals with gender diversity or LGBTQ+ people is on the rise. However, negative attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals persist, even among healthcare professionals, creating barriers to healthcare access. These attitudes are influenced by cultural variations worldwide and necessitate investigation across diverse cultures and settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes towards LGBTQ+ people and describe associated factors with being LGBTQ+ among Thai medical students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the 2021 academic year, a survey was conducted at a medical school in Bangkok, Thailand, collecting demographic data and attitudes measured by a standardised Thai questionnaire. Descriptive statistics as well as bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to describe characteristics and association.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 806 medical students participated, with a neutral attitude being the most prevalent (72.2%), followed by a positive attitude (27.2%), and a minority reporting a negative attitude (0.6%). Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses revealed significant associations between positive attitudes and female sexual identity (aOR 2.02, 95%CI 1.45\u20132.81, p-value &lt; 0.001), having LGBTQ+ family members (aOR 3.57, 95%CI 1.23\u201310.34, p-value = 0.019), having LGBTQ+ friend (aOR 1.46, 95%CI 1.02\u20132.11, p-value = 0.040), and coming from areas outside of Bangkok (aOR 1.41, 95%CI 1.01\u20131.97, p-value = 0.043).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec005\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Positive attitude towards the LGBTQ+ community are essential for physicians, emphasising the need to study factors that contribute to positive attitudes in order to foster an LGBTQ+-friendly environment for both patients and medical students.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T19:00:36Z","timestamp":1702580436000},"page":"e0296039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Attitudes towards LGBTQ+ individuals among Thai medical students"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Teeravut","family":"Wiwattarangkul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6306-0930","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sorawit","family":"Wainipitapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296039.ref001","volume-title":"Morbidity and mortality weekly report Surveillance summaries","author":"L Kann","year":"2002"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref002","first-page":"88","volume":"69","author":"RR Redfield","year":"2020","journal-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance\u2014United States, 2019"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11798-2","article-title":"LGBT+ inclusion and human rights in Thailand: a scoping review of the literature","volume":"21","author":"PA Newman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296039.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X12449630","article-title":"Negative and Positive Factors Associated With the Well-Being of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, and Questioning (LGBTQ) Youth","volume":"46","author":"D Higa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Youth Soc"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296039.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00544.x","article-title":"Confronting Sexual Stigma and Prejudice: Theory and Practice","volume":"63","author":"GM Herek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.59588\/2350-8329.1120","article-title":"Homonegativity in Southeast Asia: Attitudes Toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam","volume":"17","author":"EJ Manalastas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia-Pacific Social Science Review"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref007","volume-title":"World Bank Group. Economic Inclusion of LGBTI Groups in Thailand","year":"2018"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1684541","article-title":"Revisiting the \u2018Thai gay paradise\u2019: Negative attitudes toward same-sex relations despite sexuality education among Thai LGBT students","volume":"15","author":"M Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref009","article-title":"The Association Between Disgust Sensitivity and Negative Attitudes Toward Homosexuality: The Mediating Role of Moral Foundations","author":"R Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref010","article-title":"Challenges for the Well-Being of and Health Equity for Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual People in Puerto Rico","author":"CE Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Sexual Health [Internet"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref011","unstructured":"United Nations Development Programme Thailand (UNDP). Tolerance but Not Inclusion: A National Survey on Experiences of Discrimination and Social Attitudes towards LGBT People in Thailand. Bangkok: UNDP. 2019; Available from: https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/migration\/th\/UNDP-TH-2019-LGBT-Tolerance-but-not-Inclusion.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.25133\/JPSSv292021.010","article-title":"Defining Mental Health Practitioners\u2019 LGBTIQ Cultural Competence in Thailand","volume":"29","author":"TT Ojanen","year":"2021","journal-title":"JPSS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0296039.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2017.1321379","article-title":"A Qualitative Study Examining Young Adults\u2019 Experiences of Disclosure and Nondisclosure of LGBTQ Identity to Health Care Providers","volume":"64","author":"K Rossman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of homosexuality"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0296039.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2020.1804257","article-title":"Attitudes and Knowledge of Medical Students in Hanoi regarding Lesbian and Gay People","volume":"68","author":"E Ardman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of homosexuality"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296039.ref015","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 knowledge of and attitudes towards LGBT people and their health care needs: Impact of a lecture on LGBT health","volume":"15","author":"R Wahlen","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296039.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.20344\/amp.8009","article-title":"Portuguese Medical Students\u2019 Knowledge and Attitudes Towards Homosexuality","volume":"29","author":"L Lopes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Med Port"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref017","article-title":"Medical Students\u2019 Attitudes Towards, and Knowledge of LGBT Persons in Guyana","author":"N Rambarran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of homosexuality [Internet]"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-022-03527-z","article-title":"Assessment of dropout rates in the preclinical years and contributing factors: a study on one Thai medical school","volume":"22","author":"S Wainipitapong","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref019","article-title":"Medical students and interns\u2019 knowledge about and attitude towards homosexuality","volume":"61","author":"G Banwari","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of postgraduate medicine [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref020","article-title":"Incorporating LGBT Health in an Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum Through the Construct of Social Determinants of Health","volume":"14","author":"MB Cooper","year":"2018","journal-title":"MedEdPORTAL: the journal of teaching and learning resources [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296039.ref021","article-title":"Attitudes and Knowledge of Medical Students Towards Healthcare for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Seniors: Impact of a Case-Based Discussion With Facilitators From the Community","volume":"13","author":"A Levy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus [Internet]"},{"issue":"51","key":"pone.0296039.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-863X2012000100003","article-title":"Escala multidimensional de atitudes face a l\u00e9sbicas e a gays: constru\u00e7\u00e3o e valida\u00e7\u00e3o preliminar","volume":"22","author":"J Gato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paid\u00e9ia"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref023","article-title":"Attitudes of heterosexuals toward homosexuality: A Likert\u2010type scale and construct validity","author":"KS Larsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref024","volume-title":"2016; The 1st National Community Management Network Academic Conference for Sustainable Development","author":"T. Pewnil","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref025","first-page":"76","article-title":"Sample Size Estimation using Yamane and Cochran and Krejcie and Morgan and Green Formulas and Cohen Statistical Power Analysis by G*Power and Comparisions","volume":"10","author":"C Uakarn","year":"2021","journal-title":"APHEIT International Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref026","first-page":"21","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 ability to care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered patients","volume":"38","author":"NF Sanchez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fam Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssresearch.2009.01.002","article-title":"Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context","volume":"38","author":"A Adamczyk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Social Science Research"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref028","unstructured":"Abdessamad HM, Yudin MH, Tarasoff LA, Radford KD, Ross LE. https:\/\/home.liebertpub.com\/jwh. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. 140 Huguenot Street, 3rd Floor New Rochelle, NY 10801 USA; 2013 [cited 2022 Jun 7]. Attitudes and Knowledge Among Obstetrician-Gynecologists Regarding Lesbian Patients and Their Health. Available from: https:\/\/www.liebertpub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1089\/jwh.2012.3718"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref029","article-title":"Attitudes towards and knowledge about homosexuality among medical students in Zagreb","volume":"38","author":"I Grabovac","year":"2014","journal-title":"Collegium antropologicum [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref030","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 attitudes toward gay men","volume":"12","author":"K Matharu","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC medical education [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296039.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167296224007","article-title":"Some of my best friends\u201d: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals\u2019 attitudes toward gay men and lesbians","volume":"22","author":"GM Herek","year":"1996","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref032","article-title":"Friendship, attitudes, and behavioral intentions of cisgender heterosexuals toward transgender individuals","author":"LA Barbir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref033","volume-title":"Being LGBT in Asia","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref034","article-title":"ResearchGate","author":"Y. Ha","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Experience of Young LGBT People in Rural Vietnam"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref035","first-page":"56","volume-title":"Journal of Rural Studies","author":"A Annes","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2014.01.029","article-title":"Social Problems of LGBT People in Turkey","volume":"113","author":"Z Bi\u00e7men","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia\u2014Social and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref037","article-title":"How Religiosity Shapes Rejection of Homosexuality Across the Globe","author":"DJ Janssen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-019-01590-0","article-title":"Prevalence of Sexual Orientation Across 28 Nations and Its Association with Gender Equality, Economic Development, and Individualism","volume":"49","author":"Q Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref039","article-title":"Social relations and life satisfaction: the role of friends","volume":"74","author":"V Amati","year":"2018","journal-title":"Genus [Internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296039.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0128900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128900","article-title":"Homophily, Close Friendship, and Life Satisfaction among Gay, Lesbian, Heterosexual, and Bisexual Men and Women","volume":"10","author":"BJ Gillespie","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296039.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12562","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12562","article-title":"Neurobiology of gender identity and sexual orientation","volume":"30","author":"CE Roselli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296039.ref042","article-title":"Education is the strongest socio-economic predictor of smoking in pregnancy","volume":"113","author":"J H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Addiction (Abingdon, England) [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296039.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2017-209860","article-title":"Sexual orientation and sex differences in socioeconomic status: a population-based investigation in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health","volume":"72","author":"KJ Conron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of epidemiology and community health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1353\/mpq.0.0030","article-title":"Long-term Effects of Parents\u2019 Education on Children\u2019s Educational and Occupational Success: Mediation by Family Interactions, Child Aggression, and Teenage Aspirations","volume":"55","author":"EF Dubow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Merrill Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press)"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1179\/002436311803888267","article-title":"On the Psychogenesis of Homosexuality","volume":"78","author":"GJM van den Aardweg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Linacre Q"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296039.ref046","first-page":"1407","article-title":"Children raised in fatherless families from infancy: a follow-up of children of lesbian and single heterosexual mothers at early adolescence","volume":"45","author":"F Maccallum","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Child Psychol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-3200.19.2.294","article-title":"The influence of parent education and family income on child achievement: the indirect role of parental expectations and the home environment","volume":"19","author":"PE Davis-Kean","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Fam Psychol"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref048","article-title":"The relationship between parental educational level and academic success of college freshmen [Internet]","author":"G. Yasan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Iowa State University of Science and Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12404","article-title":"The Significance of Parenting and Parent-Child Relationships for Sexual and Gender Minority Adolescents","volume":"28","author":"WR Mills-Koonce","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"74","key":"pone.0296039.ref050","first-page":"74","article-title":"Complex psychiatric comorbidities in Thai trans women: A case series","volume":"11","author":"S Wainipitapong","year":"2022","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s10591-011-9157-3","article-title":"Family Dynamics and Changes in Sibling of Origin Relationship After Lesbian and Gay Sexual Orientation Disclosure","volume":"33","author":"AN Hilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Contemp Fam Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1300\/J463v03n01_02","article-title":"A positive look at a difficult time: a strength based examination of coming out for lesbian and bisexual women","volume":"3","author":"L Bonet","year":"2007","journal-title":"J LGBT Health Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296039.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/19359705.2016.1182957","article-title":"The stress associated with the coming out process in the young adult population","volume":"20","author":"E Charbonnier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Gay & Lesbian Mental Health"},{"key":"pone.0296039.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/104438949107200603","article-title":"Relational contexts and information management among gay men","volume":"72","author":"R. Cain","year":"1991","journal-title":"Families in Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref055","article-title":"Sex variations in the disclosure to parents of same-sex attractions","volume":"17","author":"R Savin-Williams","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of family psychology: JFP: journal of the Division of Family Psychology of the American Psychological Association (Division 43) [Internet]"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296039.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.4236\/ojn.2020.1011073","article-title":"Factors Related to LGBT Recognition for University Students and Employed Adults","volume":"10","author":"N Kojima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Open Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-12-110","article-title":"Completely out-at-sea\u201d with \u201ctwo-gender medicine\u201d: A qualitative analysis of physician-side barriers to providing healthcare for transgender patients","volume":"12","author":"JW Snelgrove","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Health Services Research"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"pone.0296039.ref058","first-page":"23","article-title":"Gender-affirming Care for Transgender Patients","volume":"19","author":"N Bhatt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Innov Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2020.0096","article-title":"Evaluation of Mental Health and Satisfaction Following Transfeminine Gender-Affirming Surgery in Thailand","volume":"7","author":"P Nimitpanya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transgend Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296039.ref060","first-page":"81","article-title":"Does an improved social environment for sexual and gender minorities have implications for a new minority stress research agenda?","volume":"7","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296039.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2023.2214801","article-title":"Sexual Behaviors Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Other Sexual and Gender Diverse Medical Students: A National Study of Thai Medical Schools","volume":"35","author":"S Wainipitapong","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Sexual Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296039.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/1536504216648147","article-title":"Attitudes Toward Lesbian and Gay People are Better than Ever","volume":"15","author":"T. U.S. Fetner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Contexts"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296039.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e416","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.416","article-title":"Mental health among Thai medical students: Preadmission evaluation and service utilization","volume":"4","author":"M Chiddaycha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296039","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T01:38:02Z","timestamp":1730857082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296039"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Ricardo de Mattos Russo","family":"Rafael","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]}}}