{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:21:49Z","timestamp":1792084909357,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010771","name":"Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Landwirtschaft und Ern\u00e4hrung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2814HS008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2814HS008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Fasciola hepatica<\/jats:italic> is an internal parasite of both human and veterinary relevance. In order to control fasciolosis, a multitude of attempts to predict the risk of infection such as risk maps or forecasting models have been developed. These attempts mainly focused on the influence of geo-climatic and meteorological features. Predicting bovine fasciolosis on farm level taking into account farm-specific settings yet remains challenging. In the present study, a new methodology for this purpose, a data-driven machine learning approach using a random forest classification algorithm was applied to a cross-sectional data set of farm characteristics, management regimes, and farmer aspects within two structurally different dairying regions in Germany in order to identify factors relevant for the occurrence of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic> that could predict farm-level bulk tank milk positivity. The resulting models identified farm-specific key aspects in regard to the presence of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic>. In study region North, farm-level production parameters (farm-level milk yield, farm-level milk fat, farm-level milk protein), leg hygiene, body condition (prevalence of overconditioned and underconditioned cows, respectively) and pasture access were identified as features relevant in regard to farm-level <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic> positivity. In study region South, pasture access together with farm-level lameness prevalence, farm-level prevalence of hock lesions, herd size, parity, and farm-level milk fat appeared to be important covariates. The stratification of the analysis by study region allows for the extrapolation of the results to similar settings of dairy husbandry. The local, region-specific modelling of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic> presence in this work contributes to the understanding of on-farm aspects of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic> appearance. The applied technique represents a novel approach in this context to model epidemiological data on fasciolosis which allows for the identification of farms at risk and together with additional findings in regard to the epidemiology of fasciolosis, can facilitate risk assessment and deepen our understanding of on-farm drivers of the occurrence of <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>hepatica<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:56:25Z","timestamp":1703184985000},"page":"e0296093","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Random forest classification as a tool in epidemiological modelling: Identification of farm-specific characteristics relevant for the occurrence of Fasciola hepatica on German dairy farms"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2709-8541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andreas W.","family":"Oehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6928-4089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yury","family":"Zablotski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amely","family":"Campe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8154-2642","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Martina","family":"Hoedemaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Strube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Springer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jordan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Knubben-Schweizer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296093.ref001","volume-title":"Report of the WHO informal meeting on use of triclabendazole in fascioliasis control. 17\u201318 October 2006","author":"WHO","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref002","volume-title":"Neglected tropical diseases: Fascioliasis:","author":"WHO","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001923","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923","article-title":"World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010.","volume":"12","author":"AH Havelaar","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583204","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.583204","article-title":"Sheep and cattle reservoirs in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic area: experimental transmission capacity, field epidemiology, and control within a One Health initiative in Bolivia.","volume":"7","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1999.00418.x","article-title":"The Northern Bolivian Altiplano: a region highly endemic for human fascioliasis","volume":"4","author":"S Mas-Coma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025620","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612021014","article-title":"One Health initiative in the Bolivian Altiplano human fascioliasis hyperendemic area: Lymnaeid biology, population dynamics, microecology and climatic factor influences.","volume":"30","author":"MD Bargues","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref007","first-page":"529","article-title":"Apparent prevalence of and risk factors for infection with Ostertagia ostertagi, Fasciola hepatica and Dictyocaulus viviparus in Swiss dairy herds","volume":"250","author":"CF Frey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.05.013","article-title":"Epidemiology and impact of Fasciola hepatica exposure in high-yielding dairy herds","volume":"121","author":"A Howell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.04.002","article-title":"Antibodies to major pasture borne helminth infections in bulk-tank milk samples from organic and nearby conventional dairy herds in south-central Sweden","volume":"171","author":"J H\u00f6glund","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref010","first-page":"55","article-title":"The number of cercariae of Fasciola hepatica developing in snails infected with a single miracidium","volume":"8","author":"W. Krull","year":"1941","journal-title":"Proc Helminthol Soc Washington"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.002","article-title":"The Epidemiology and control of liver flukes in cattle and sheep","volume":"36","author":"AK Howell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref012","first-page":"149","article-title":"Human Fascioliasis: Current epidemiological status and strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and control","volume":"11","author":"MA Caravedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12682","article-title":"Fasciola and fasciolosis in ruminants in Europe: Identifying research needs.","volume":"651","author":"NJ Beesley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Em Dis"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105569","article-title":"A machine learning approach for modelling the occurrence of Galba truncatula as the major intermediate host for Fasciola hepatica in Switzerland.","volume":"200","author":"AS Roessler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref015","first-page":"591","article-title":"A method of forecasting the incidence of fascioliasis in Anglesey","volume":"71","author":"C Ollerenshaw","year":"1959","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2015.348","article-title":"Modelling the spatial distribution of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle in Europe.","volume":"9","author":"E Ducheyne","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2015.350","article-title":"Spatial analysis and risk mapping of Fasciola hepatica infection in dairy herds in Ireland.","volume":"9","author":"N Selemetas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.08.006","article-title":"Prevalence of Fasciola hepatica in the intermediate host Lymnaea truncatula detected by real time TaqMan PCR in populations from 70 Swiss farms with cattle husbandry","volume":"150","author":"G Schweizer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013000395","article-title":"Seroprevalence and GIS-supported risk factor analysis of Fasciola hepatica infections in dairy herds in Germany","volume":"140","author":"B Kuerpick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2022.11.014","article-title":"To treat or not to treat: diagnostic thresholds in subclinical helminth infections of cattle","volume":"39","author":"J Charlier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2010.09.003","article-title":"Relative importance of management, meteorological and environmental factors in the spatial distribution of Fasciola hepatica in dairy cattle in a temperate climate zone","volume":"41","author":"SC Bennema","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.30.2.2041","article-title":"Models of macroparasitic infections in domestic ruminants: a conceptual review and critique","volume":"30","author":"G. Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016973","article-title":"An introduction to recursive partitioning: rationale, application, and characteristics of classification and regression trees, bagging, and random forests.","volume":"14","author":"C Strobl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychol Methods."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2016.434","article-title":"Random forest variable selection in spatial malaria transmission modelling in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa.","volume":"11","author":"T Kapwata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geospat Health"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2019.02.012","article-title":"Machine learning for health services researchers.","volume":"22","author":"P Doupe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"L. Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Machine learning."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref027","first-page":"11","article-title":"Seroprevalence of major pasture-borne parasitoses (gastrointestinal nematodes, liver flukes and lungworms) in german dairy cattle herds, association with management factors and impact on production parameters.","author":"A Springer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0271413","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271413","article-title":"A machine learning approach using partitioning around medoids clustering and random forest classification to model groups of farms in regard to production parameters and bulk tank milk antibody status of two major internal parasites in dairy cows","volume":"17","author":"AW Oehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref029","article-title":"Multinomial logistic regression based on neural networks reveals inherent differences among dairy farms depending on the differential exposure to Fasciola hepatica and Ostertagia ostertagi","author":"AW Oehm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref030","article-title":"Animal health, hygiene and biosecurity in German dairy cow operations\u2014a prevalence astudy (PraeRi).","author":"PraeRi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Final Report"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0263294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263294","article-title":"Identifying cow\u2014level factors and farm characteristics associated with locomotion scores in dairy cows using cumulative link mixed models.","volume":"17","author":"AW Oehm","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS one."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.20.5.453","article-title":"An introduction to power and sample size estimation.","volume":"20","author":"SR Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg Med J."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref033","author":"S Glaser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stichprobenplanung bei veterin\u00e4rmedizinischen Studien: ein Leitfaden zur Bestimmung des Untersuchungsumfangs: Schl\u00fctersche"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79081-0","article-title":"A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows","volume":"72","author":"A Edmonson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref035","unstructured":"Cook NB, Reinemann DJ, editors. A tool box for assessing cow, udder and teat hygiene. 46th Annual Meeting of the National Mastitis Council San Antonio, Texas, USA."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2004.09.004","article-title":"Health and welfare of dairy cows in different husbandry systems in Switzerland.","volume":"66","author":"G Regula","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5487","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2009-2293","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for skin lesions on legs of dairy cattle housed in freestalls in Norway","volume":"92","author":"C Kielland","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(97)00098-8","article-title":"A lameness scoring system that uses posture and gait to predict dairy cattle reproductive performance","volume":"47","author":"DJ Sprecher","year":"1997","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1648","article-title":"Assessing lameness in cows kept in tie-stalls","volume":"92","author":"KA Leach","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref040","first-page":"9","article-title":"German farmers\u2019 awareness of lameness in their dairy herds.","author":"KC Jensen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref041","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0269726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0269726","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with swellings of the ribs in tie stall housed dairy cows in Germany.","volume":"17","author":"GE Abele","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref043","volume-title":"Tier\u00e4rztliche Bestandsbetreuung beim Milchrind. 3rd ed.","author":"R Martin","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-2095-2","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analyses of risk factors associated with lameness in dairy cows","volume":"15","author":"AW Oehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-6783","article-title":"A comparison of 2 methods of assessing lameness prevalence in tiestall herds","volume":"97","author":"J Gibbons","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6577","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12171","article-title":"Technical note: Assessing lameness in tie-stalls using live stall lameness scoring","volume":"100","author":"S Palacio","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref047","article-title":"missRanger: Fast imputation of missing values","author":"M. Mayer","year":"2021","journal-title":"R package version 2.1.3"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref048","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest.","volume":"2","author":"A Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058655","article-title":"Bagging predictors","volume":"24","author":"L. Breiman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Machine learning."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0201904","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201904","article-title":"On the overestimation of random forest\u2019s out-of-bag error.","volume":"13","author":"S Janitza","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013964023376","article-title":"Estimating generalization error on two-class datasets using out-of bag estimates","volume":"48","author":"T. Bylander","year":"2002","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1080\/03610918.2010.521277","article-title":"Out-of-bag estimation of the optimal hyperparameter in SubBag ensemble method.","volume":"39","author":"G-Y Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. B: Simul. Comp"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref053","article-title":"Estimate permutation p-values for random forest importance Metrics","author":"E. Archer","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 2.5.1."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182013001662","article-title":"Recent advances in the diagnosis, impact on production and prediction of Fasciola hepatica in cattle","volume":"141","author":"J Charlier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref055","first-page":"35","article-title":"The approach to forecasting the incidence of fascioliasis over England and Wales 1958\u20131962.","volume":"3","author":"CB Ollerenshaw","year":"1966","journal-title":"AgricMeteorol."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.04.007","article-title":"Random forests, a novel approach for discrimination of fish populations using parasites as biological tags","volume":"38","author":"D Perdiguero-Alonso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2009.08.003","article-title":"Control of bovine fasciolosis in dairy cattle in Switzerland with emphasis on pasture management.","volume":"186","author":"G Knubben-Schweizer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2017.02.008","article-title":"The impact of lameness on welfare of the dairy cow.","volume":"33","author":"HR Whay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15035","article-title":"New insights into the association between lameness, behavior, and performance in Simmental cows","volume":"102","author":"K Grimm","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6978","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-9652","article-title":"Prevalence of lameness and associated risk factors in Canadian Holstein Friesian cows housed in freestall barns","volume":"98","author":"L Solano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601640","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2020.601640","article-title":"Factors associated with lameness in tie stall housed dairy cows in south Germany.","volume":"7","author":"AW Oehm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11091","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-20085","article-title":"Animal welfare outcomes and associated risk indicators on Austrian dairy farms: A cross-sectional study","volume":"104","author":"J Schenkenfelder","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111000905","article-title":"Identifying risk factors for poor hind limb cleanliness in Danish loose-housed dairy cows.","volume":"5","author":"BH Nielsen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Animal."},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18916","article-title":"Associations of freestall design and cleanliness with cow lying behavior, hygiene, lameness, and risk of high somatic cell count","volume":"104","author":"I Robles","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.157.7.188","article-title":"Estimating the financial losses due to bovine fasciolosis in Switzerland","volume":"157","author":"G Schweizer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.02.006","article-title":"The influence of liver fluke infection on production in sheep and cattle: a meta-analysis","volume":"51","author":"AD Hayward","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.03.009","article-title":"Association between anti-F. hepatica antibody levels in milk and production losses in dairy cows","volume":"180","author":"M Mezo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-017-5481-3","article-title":"Associations between fasciolosis and milk production, and the impact of anthelmintic treatment in dairy herds","volume":"116","author":"K K\u00f6stenberger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref069","first-page":"587","article-title":"The life span of Fasciola hepatica in cattle","volume":"82","author":"J. Ross","year":"1968","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref070","first-page":"100487","article-title":"Current status of prevalence and risk factors associated with liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in cattle raised in different altitudinal regions of Colombia","volume":"22","author":"JC Pinilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2019.06.005","article-title":"Evaluation of losses in carcasses of cattle naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica: effects on weight by age range and on carcass quality parameters","volume":"49","author":"RA da Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5154.182410","article-title":"Methodology series module 3: Cross-sectional studies","volume":"61","author":"MS Setia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","article-title":"Cross-sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations.","volume":"158","author":"X Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-020-01038-3","article-title":"Missing-data analysis: socio- demographic, clinical and lifestyle determinants of low response rate on self- reported psychological and nutrition related multi- item instruments in the context of the ATTICA epidemiological study.","volume":"20","author":"T Tsiampalis","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref075","first-page":"43","article-title":"Effect of missing data on performance of learning algorithms for hydrologic predictions: Implications to an imputation technique","author":"MK Gill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resour Res"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-73","article-title":"Practical considerations for sensitivity analysis after multiple imputation applied to epidemiological studies with incomplete data.","volume":"12","author":"V H\u00e9raud-Bousquet","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0296093.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1191\/0962280206sm448oa","article-title":"Can one assess whether missing data are missing at random in medical studies?","volume":"15","author":"RF Potthoff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296093","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:57:08Z","timestamp":1703185028000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296093"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Rebecca Lee","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296093","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}