{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T02:54:37Z","timestamp":1781232877831,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a form of chronic pain disorder accompanied by several tender points, fatigue, sleeping and mood disturbances, cognitive dysfunction, and memory problems. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is also a mediator of neurotrophin for many activity-dependent processes in the brain. Despite numerous research studies investigating BDNF in FM, contradictory results have been reported. Thus, we investigated the overall effect shown by studies to find the association between peripheral BDNF concentrations and its gene polymorphisms with FM.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A systematic search in online international databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, the Web of Science, and Scopus was performed. Relevant studies assessing BDNF levels or gene polymorphism in patients with FM and comparing them with controls were included. Case reports, reviews, and non-English studies were excluded. We conducted the random-effect meta-analysis to estimate the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) or odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty studies were found to be included composed of 1,206 FM patients and 1,027 controls. The meta-analysis of 15 studies indicated that the circulating BDNF levels were significantly higher in FM (SMD 0.72, 95% CI 0.12 to 1.31; p-value = 0.02). However, no difference between the rate of Val\/Met carrier status at the rs6265 site was found (p-value = 0.43). Using meta-regression, the sample size and age variables accounted for 4.69% and 6.90% of the observed heterogeneity of BDNF level analysis, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our meta-analysis demonstrated that FM is correlated with increased peripheral BDNF levels. This biomarker\u2019s diagnostic and prognostic value should be further investigated in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:51:45Z","timestamp":1703184705000},"page":"e0296103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its role as a potential biomarker"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9955-4227","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amir Hossein","family":"Behnoush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Khalaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaghayegh","family":"Khanmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parsa","family":"Alehossein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behrad","family":"Saeedian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parnian","family":"Shobeiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio L.","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3836-1827","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nima","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296103.ref001","first-page":"137","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Diagnosis and Management.","volume":"107","author":"BT Winslow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0296103.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3266","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: a clinical review","volume":"311","author":"DJ Clauw","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2016.06.006","article-title":"Neurobiology of fibromyalgia and chronic widespread pain","volume":"338","author":"KA Sluka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296103.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The american college of rheumatology 1990 criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"F Wolfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296103.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity.","volume":"62","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17740076","article-title":"A narrative review on the difficulties associated with fibromyalgia diagnosis.","volume":"10","author":"D Kumbhare","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296103.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002510","article-title":"Potential role of blood biomarkers in patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"D Kumbhare","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296103.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02805-5","article-title":"Possible Molecular Mediators Involved and Mechanistic Insight into Fibromyalgia and Associated Co-morbidities","volume":"44","author":"L Singh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochemical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref010","first-page":"S3","article-title":"One year in review 2020: Fibromyalgia","volume":"38","author":"L Bazzichi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0296103.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15430","article-title":"Central sensitivity and fibromyalgia","volume":"51","author":"V Mezhov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Intern Med J"},{"issue":"SUPPL.3","key":"pone.0296103.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2010.09.030","article-title":"Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain","volume":"152","author":"CJ Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296103.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2006.12.009","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and Overlapping Disorders: The Unifying Concept of Central Sensitivity Syndromes.","volume":"36","author":"MB Yunus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296103.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/jabr.12137","article-title":"The neurobiology of central sensitization.","volume":"23","author":"SE Harte","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Biobehav Res."},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.05.044","article-title":"BDNF: No gain without pain?","volume":"283","author":"PA Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2014.994506","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor as a driving force behind neuroplasticity in neuropathic and central sensitization pain: A new therapeutic target?","volume":"19","author":"J Nijs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Targets."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296103.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu096","article-title":"Reduced cerebrospinal fluid levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor is associated with cognitive impairment in late-life major depression.","volume":"69","author":"BS Diniz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journals of Gerontology\u2014Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3379","article-title":"Neurotrophin regulation of neural circuit development and function","volume":"14","author":"H Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2006.01.005","article-title":"BDNF in sensory neurons and chronic pain","volume":"55","author":"K Obata","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.113.086496","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated downregulation of brainstem K+-Cl- cotransporter and cell-type-specific GABA impairment for activation of descending pain facilitation","volume":"84","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0296103.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00264-6","article-title":"Spinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) produces hyperalgesia in normal mice while antisense directed against either BDNF or trkB, prevent inflammation-induced hyperalgesia","volume":"100","author":"R Groth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0296103.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbrainres.2004.07.019","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor acutely enhances tyrosine phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 via NMDA receptor-dependent mechanisms","volume":"130","author":"K Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref023","article-title":"Higher serum S100B and BDNF levels are correlated with a lower pressure-pain threshold in fibromyalgia","volume":"10","author":"SA Zanette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2174\/1874467211003010012","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: a dynamic gatekeeper of neural plasticity.","volume":"3","author":"KK Cowansage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Current molecular pharmacology"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref025","first-page":"11","article-title":"Association Between BDNF Gene Variant Rs6265 and the Severity of Depression in Antidepressant Treatment-Free Depressed Patients.","author":"IS Losenkov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychiatry."},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.05.031","article-title":"BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and bipolar disorder in European populations: a risk association in case-control, family-based and GWAS studies","volume":"68","author":"M Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05369-8","article-title":"Comparison of the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) between fibromyalgia and nociceptive pain groups; and effect of duloxetine on the BDNF level.","volume":"23","author":"A Bidari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296103.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-022-06133-y","article-title":"Gender influence on clinical manifestations, depressive symptoms and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels in patients affected by fibromyalgia.","volume":"41","author":"C Iannuccelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.05.011","article-title":"Evaluation of cytokines, oxidative stress markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with fibromyalgia\u2014A controlled cross-sectional study","volume":"84","author":"A Ranzolin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref031","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses.","author":"GA Wells","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oxford"},{"issue":"7650","key":"pone.0296103.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations","volume":"336","author":"GH Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296103.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669183","article-title":"Optimally estimating the sample mean from the sample size, median, mid-range, and\/or mid-quartile range.","volume":"27","author":"D Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135","article-title":"Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and\/or interquartile range.","volume":"14","author":"X Wan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119536604","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-2456(86)90046-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis in clinical trials.","volume":"7","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"1986","journal-title":"Controlled clinical trials."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446","article-title":"Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias","volume":"50","author":"CB Begg","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"7109","key":"pone.0296103.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-022-05369-8","article-title":"Comparison of the serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) between fibromyalgia and nociceptive pain groups; and effect of duloxetine on the BDNF level.","volume":"23","author":"A Bidari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00138","article-title":"Differential Neuroplastic Changes in Fibromyalgia and Depression Indexed by Up-Regulation of Motor Cortex Inhibition and Disinhibition of the Descending Pain System: An Exploratory Study.","volume":"13","author":"TM Cardinal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296103.ref041","first-page":"713","article-title":"Dysfunctional eating behavior in fibromyalgia and its association with serum biomarkers of brain plasticity (BDNF and S100B): an exploratory study.","volume":"65","author":"JL Elkfury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00357","article-title":"Motor Cortex Excitability and BDNF Levels in Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain According to Structural Pathology.","volume":"10","author":"W Caumo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2018.00406","article-title":"Novel Insights of Effects of Pregabalin on Neural Mechanisms of Intracortical Disinhibition in Physiopathology of Fibromyalgia: An Explanatory, Randomized, Double-Blind Crossover Study.","volume":"12","author":"A Deitos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s42358-020-00141-9","article-title":"Pain catastrophizing is associated with the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor in fibromyalgia.","volume":"60","author":"CF da Silveira Alves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-018-1726-5","article-title":"Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms and fibromyalgia in a Korean population: a multicenter study","volume":"20","author":"DJ Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296103.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41405","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression Account for Symptoms and Widespread Hyperalgesia in Patients With Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Comorbid Fibromyalgia.","volume":"72","author":"A Polli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296103.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.02.007","article-title":"Increased BDNF serum concentration in fibromyalgia with or without depression or antidepressants","volume":"41","author":"C Laske","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296103.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-1990-z","article-title":"A brain-derived neurotrophic factor polymorphism Val66Met identifies fibromyalgia syndrome subgroup with higher body mass index and C-reactive protein.","volume":"32","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0296103.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.05.002","article-title":"Increased levels of neurotrophins are not specific for chronic migraine: evidence from primary fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"8","author":"P Sarchielli","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref050","article-title":"Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Pain Syndromes: A Comparative Study with Major Depression.","volume":"18","author":"EO Ta\u0161k\u0131n","year":"2008","journal-title":"Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bulteni"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.4103\/1110-161X.168156","article-title":"Serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in fibromyalgia.","volume":"42","author":"RM Fawzy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Egyptian Rheumatology and Rehabilitation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2013.01.001","article-title":"Serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in fibromyalgia syndrome correlates with depression but not anxiety","volume":"62","author":"B Nugraha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.05.021","article-title":"BDNF and serum S100B levels according the spectrum of structural pathology in chronic pain patients","volume":"706","author":"LC Stefani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1139\/facets-2017-0016","article-title":"Levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain: Results of an aquatic physical therapy protocol","volume":"3","author":"DG Martin","year":"2018","journal-title":"FACETS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0296103.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.2340\/16501977-2593","article-title":"Unaltered low nerve growth factor and high brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in plasma from patients with fibromyalgia after a 15-week progressive resistance exercise.","volume":"51","author":"A Jablochkova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296103.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-010-0129-z","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with fibromyalgia.","volume":"35","author":"L Haas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296103.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780330203","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology 1990 Criteria for the Classification of Fibromyalgia. Report of the Multicenter Criteria Committee","volume":"33","author":"F Wolfe","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21533","article-title":"Fibromyalgia diagnosis: a comparison of clinical, survey, and American College of Rheumatology criteria","volume":"54","author":"RS Katz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296103.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity.","volume":"62","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"F Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref061","article-title":"Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta-analysis.","author":"A Khalaji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep and Breathing."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296103.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42676","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042676","article-title":"Decreased serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), but not its precursor proBDNF, in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"7","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-015-0641-x","article-title":"Ethnic differences in the serum levels of proBDNF, a precursor of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), in mood disorders","volume":"266","author":"K. Hashimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296103.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083891","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Pathogenesis, Mechanisms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options Update.","volume":"22","author":"R Siracusa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24311","article-title":"The release of glutamate from cortical neurons regulated by BDNF via the TrkB\/Src\/PLC-\u03b31 pathway","volume":"114","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cellular Biochemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296103.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2004.03656.x","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor induces NMDA receptor subunit one phosphorylation via ERK and PKC in the rat spinal cord","volume":"20","author":"SE Slack","year":"2004","journal-title":"European Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"pone.0296103.ref067","first-page":"426130","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome: etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"2012","author":"E Bellato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res Treat"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296103.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00839.2018","article-title":"Receptor dependence of BDNF actions in superficial dorsal horn: relation to central sensitization and actions of macrophage colony stimulating factor 1","volume":"121","author":"PA Boakye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neurophysiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296103.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301360","article-title":"Chronic duloxetine treatment induces specific changes in the expression of BDNF transcripts and in the subcellular localization of the neurotrophin protein","volume":"32","author":"F Calabrese","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 79","key":"pone.0296103.ref070","first-page":"S111","article-title":"A multidisciplinary approach to study the effects of balneotherapy and mud-bath therapy treatments on fibromyalgia","volume":"31","author":"L Bazzichi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0296103.ref071","article-title":"Gentle Touch Therapy, Pain Relief and Neuroplasticity at Baseline in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Randomized, Multicenter Trial with Six-Month Follow-Up.","volume":"11","author":"AS Salgado","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine [Internet]."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0296103.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000987","article-title":"Changes in Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor From Active and Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Older Adults With Knee Osteoarthritis.","volume":"37","author":"R Suchting","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin J Pain"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296103.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.3109\/13651501003748560","article-title":"A close correlation between plasma and serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in healthy volunteers.","volume":"14","author":"R Yoshimura","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01321-0","article-title":"Presence of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in brain and human and rat but not mouse serum detected by a sensitive and specific immunoassay","volume":"709","author":"SF Radka","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1613072","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is stored in human platelets and released by agonist stimulation","volume":"87","author":"H Fujimura","year":"2002","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(97)00073-7","article-title":"Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human platelets","volume":"54","author":"FB Pliego-Rivero","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9655","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45976-5","article-title":"Associations between serum and plasma brain-derived neurotrophic factor and influence of storage time and centrifugation strategy.","volume":"9","author":"AK Gejl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49403-7","article-title":"No evidence for altered plasma NGF and BDNF levels in fibromyalgia patients.","volume":"9","author":"D Baumeister","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296103.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6775","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431x20176775","article-title":"Inflammatory biomarkers responses after acute whole body vibration in fibromyalgia","volume":"51","author":"VGC Ribeiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296103.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/1874241601205010007","article-title":"Serum levels of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its precursor proBDNF in healthy subjects.","volume":"5","author":"T Yoshida","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Open Clinical Chemistry Journal"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296103","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:52:39Z","timestamp":1703184759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296103"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Kenji","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296103","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}