{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:36:46Z","timestamp":1788478606258,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Technology Engineering Million Project of the Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["YKD2020KJBW(LH)037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YKD2020KJBW(LH)037"]}]},{"name":"Program for Young Talents of Science and Technology in Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","award":["NJYT22006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NJYT22006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004763","name":"Inner Mongolia natural science foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021MS08022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021MS08022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004763","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Doctoral Fund Project of Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University","award":["NYFY BS202137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NYFY BS202137"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is characterized by the occurrence of two or more consecutive spontaneous abortions, with a rising prevalence among pregnant women and significant implications for their physical and mental well-being. The multifaceted etiology of RSA has posed challenges in unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying that underlie its pathogenesis. Oxidative stress and immune response have been identified as pivotal factors in the development of its condition.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Eleven serum samples from healthy pregnant women and 17 from RSA were subjected to liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis was employed to excavate system-level characterization of the serum metabolome. The measurement of seven oxidative stress products, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malonaldehyde (MDA), glutathione (GPx), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), heme oxygenase (HO-1), was carried out using ELISA.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Through the monitoring of metabolic and lipid alternations during RSA events, we have identified 816 biomarkers that were implicated in various metabolic pathways, including glutathione metabolism, phosphonate and phosphinate metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, lysine degradation and purine metabolism, etc. These pathways have been found to be closely associated with the progression of the disease. Our finding indicated that the levels of MDA and HO-1 were elevated in the RSA group compared to the control group, whereas SOD, CAT and GPx exhibited a contrary pattern. However, no slight difference was observed in GSH and GSSG levels between the RSA group and the control group.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The manifestation of RSA elicited discernible temporal alternations in the serum metabolome and biochemical markers linked to the metabolic pathways of oxidative stress and immune response. Our investigation furnished a more comprehensive analytical framework encompassing metabolites and enzymes associated with oxidative stress. This inquiry furnished a more nuanced comprehension of the pathogenesis of RSA and established the ground work for prognostication and prophylaxis.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T18:49:38Z","timestamp":1703184578000},"page":"e0296122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Untargeted metabolomics analysis reveals the metabolic disturbances and exacerbation of oxidative stress in recurrent spontaneous abortion"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2198-280X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"AiNing","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YanHui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RongXin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JianXing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2577-7647","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ya","family":"Tuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296122.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.12.006","article-title":"Recurrent miscarriage: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment","volume":"85","author":"B Toth","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref002","article-title":"Environment and Female Reproductive Health","author":"H Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.25","article-title":"Metabolomics: beyond biomarkers and towards mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"CH Johnson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.4101","article-title":"Metabolomics activity screening for identifying metabolites that modulate phenotype","volume":"36","author":"C Guijas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref005","first-page":"e225463","article-title":"Liquid Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry based serum metabolomics study on recurrent abortion women with antiphospholipid syndrome.","volume":"14","author":"L Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plos One."},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4038","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.907653","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Plasma Samples from Women with Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"24","author":"X Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W94","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku436","article-title":"CFM-ID: a web server for annotation, spectrum prediction and metabolite identification from tandem mass spectra","volume":"42","author":"F Allen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0296122.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)77046-0","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase.","volume":"77","author":"A. 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