{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:11:29Z","timestamp":1792253489463,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009193","name":"Marsden Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18-UOO- 028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-UOO- 028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009193","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The post-medieval period in Europe saw a dramatic increase in metabolic bone disease related to vitamin D deficiency (VDD). Recent paleopathological work has utilized interglobular dentin (IGD) as a proxy for poor vitamin D status during development, while enamel peptide analysis allows the identification of chromosomal sex in non-adult remains. Here we explore the relationship between sex, the presence of IGD, and macroscopic markers of VDD in an industrial era assemblage from Northeast England.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>25 individuals (9 females, 9 males, 9 unknown sex) from the cemetery site at Coach Lane, North Shields (1711\u20131857) were selected for paleopathological analysis, histological assessment of IGD, and enamel peptide determination of chromosomal sex.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ground tooth sections from 21 individuals were of suitable quality for detection of IGD, and enamel peptide analysis confirmed the chromosomal sex of ten individuals. Sixteen individuals (76.1%) exhibited \u22651 episode of IGD. Nine of these (42.8%) exhibited &gt;1 episode and four (19%) exhibited \u22654 episodes in regular intervals. Male sex was significantly associated with the presence of IGD (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>= 0.0351; 100% males vs. 54.5% females). Females were more likely to exhibit macroscopic evidence of VDD (45.5% females vs 30% males) but this was not statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Discussion and conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Periods of poor mineral metabolism during childhood appear much more prevalent at Coach Lane than macroscopic evidence suggests. Evidence of seasonal IGD episodes indicates that northern latitude played a major role in poor VD status in the Northeast of England. The significant association of IGD with male sex may be due to sex-related differences in dentinal mineralization or a higher risk of poor VD status in males aged &lt;5 years. More work is needed to establish an evidence-based threshold for pathological levels of IGD before the presence of this feature can confidently be used as a biomarker for poor VD status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T18:21:58Z","timestamp":1706725318000},"page":"e0296203","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Vitamin D status in post-medieval Northern England: Insights from dental histology and enamel peptide analysis at Coach Lane, North Shields (AD 1711\u20131857)"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0516-785X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anne Marie E.","family":"Snoddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heidi","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna J.","family":"Miszkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas A.","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6584-1834","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tina","family":"Jakob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hallie","family":"Buckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anwen","family":"Caffell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5909-6460","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Gowland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296203.ref001","volume-title":"Endangered lives: Public health in Victorian England","author":"AS Wohl","year":"1983"},{"key":"pone.0296203.ref002","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Childhood and child labour in Industrial England: Diversity and agency, 1750\u20131914","author":"N Goose","year":"2013"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296203.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.5744\/bi.2018.1015","article-title":"Broken Childhoods: rural and urban non-adult health during the Industrial Revolution in Northern England (Eighteenth\u2013Nineteenth Centuries)","volume":"2","author":"R Gowland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioarcheol Int"},{"key":"pone.0296203.ref004","volume-title":"The children history forgot: Young workers of the Industrial Age","author":"S. 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