{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:48:20Z","timestamp":1789624100454,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22-14-00223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22-14-00223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    We aimed to investigate whether two closely related but socially distinct species of gerbils differ in personality patterns. Using a suit of multivariate repeated assays (docility test, dark-light emergence test, startle test, novel object test, elevated platform test, and stranger test), we assessed contextual and temporal consistency of docility, boldness, exploration, anxiety, and sociability in the solitary midday gerbil,\n                    <jats:italic>Meriones meridianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and social Mongolian gerbil,\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>unguiculatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We revealed contextually consistent and highly repeatable sex-independent but species-specific personality traits. Species differed in temporal repeatability of different behaviours, and contextual consistency was more pronounced in solitary\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>meridianus<\/jats:italic>\n                    than in social\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>unguiculatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This finding contradicts the social niche specialization hypothesis, which suggests that personality traits should be more consistent in more social species. Instead, we hypothesize that social complexity should favour more flexible and less consistent behavioural traits. The habituation effect indicative of learning abilities was weak in both species yet stronger in social\n                    <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>unguiculatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , supporting the relationship between the sociality level and cognitive skills. In both species, only a few different behavioural traits covaried, and the sets of correlated behaviours were species-specific such that the two species did not share any pair of correlated traits. Between-species differences in personality traits, habituation, and behavioural syndromes may be linked to differences in sociality. The lack of prominent behavioural syndromes is consistent with the idea that context-specific individual behavioural traits might be favoured to allow more flexible and adequate responses to changing environments than syndromes of correlated functionally different behaviours.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T13:42:43Z","timestamp":1713274963000},"page":"e0296214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Multi-assay approach shows species-associated personality patterns in two socially distinct gerbil species"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2227-1525","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Tchabovsky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena N.","family":"Surkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila E.","family":"Savinetskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296214.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2004.04.009","article-title":"Behavioral syndromes: An ecological and evolutionary overview","volume":"19","author":"A Sih","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2007.00010.x","article-title":"Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution","volume":"82","author":"D R\u00e9ale","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-102220-011451","article-title":"Consistent individual behavioral variation: What do we know and where are we going?","volume":"53","author":"KL Laskowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13082","article-title":"Criteria for acceptable studies of animal personality and behavioural syndromes","volume":"126","author":"NJ Dingemanse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2009.11.024","article-title":"A method for exploring the structure of behavioural syndromes to allow formal comparison within and between data sets","volume":"79","author":"NJ Dingemanse","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01860.x","article-title":"Determining behavioural syndromes in voles\u2014the effects of social environment","volume":"117","author":"P Lantov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2014.02.010","article-title":"Strong personalities, not social niches, drive individual differences in social behaviours in sticklebacks","volume":"90","author":"KL Laskowski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1007\/s10682-012-9589-8","article-title":"A meta-analysis of correlated behaviours with implications for behavioural syndromes: Mean effect size, publication bias, phylogenetic effects and the role of mediator variables","volume":"26","author":"LZ Garamszegi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evol Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/art033","article-title":"A meta-analysis of correlated behaviors with implications for behavioral syndromes: Relationships between particular behavioral traits","volume":"24","author":"LZ Garamszegi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2008.04.003","article-title":"Are animal personality traits linked to life-history productivity?","volume":"23","author":"PA Biro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0310.2003.00913.x","article-title":"Motivational and heritable determinants of dispersal latency in wild male house mice (Mus musculus musculus)","volume":"109","author":"S Krackow","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12930","article-title":"Validating standardised personality tests under semi-natural conditions in wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus)","volume":"125","author":"R Krebs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051054","article-title":"The gut microbiota may affect personality in Mongolian gerbils","volume":"10","author":"L Gan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12679","article-title":"Living on the edge: Morphological and behavioral adaptations to a marginal high-elevation habitat in an arboreal mammal","volume":"18","author":"C Tranquillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2007.01106.x","article-title":"The interaction between personality, offspring fitness and food abundance in North American red squirrels","volume":"10","author":"AK Boon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arm144","article-title":"Fitness consequences of personality: A meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"BR Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12823","article-title":"Sociability as a personality trait in animals: Methods, causes and consequences","volume":"97","author":"LA Gartland","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2022.104625","article-title":"Inter-annual fluctuations of sociability in the common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) as determined by a preference test: A case of balancing selection?","volume":"198","author":"NA Shchipanov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4065","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0176","article-title":"Personality-dependent dispersal: characterization, ontogeny and consequences for spatially structured populations","volume":"365","author":"J Cote","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2022.105127","article-title":"Invasive alien species as an environmental stressor and its effects on coping style in a native competitor, the Eurasian red squirrel","volume":"140","author":"F Santicchia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1461-0248.2008.01267.x","article-title":"Informed dispersal, heterogeneity in animal dispersal syndromes and the dynamics of spatially structured populations","volume":"12","author":"J Clobert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2012.10.006","article-title":"Animal personalities matter for biological invasions","volume":"28","author":"C Carere","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13107","article-title":"Expanding population edges: theories, traits, and trade\u2010offs","volume":"22","author":"A Chuang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob Chang Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2007.05.026","article-title":"Temperament, risk assessment and habituation to novelty in eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus","volume":"75","author":"JGA Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref025","first-page":"750","article-title":"Stability of individual behavioral features in Mongolian jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) in a cage-emergence test","volume":"59","author":"SV Popov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12320","article-title":"Within\u2010individual correlations reveal link between a behavioral syndrome, condition, and cortisol in free\u2010ranging Belding\u2019s ground squirrels","volume":"121","author":"AJ Dosmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-017-2392-3","article-title":"Mating system as a possible driver of behavioral diversity in Peromyscus","volume":"71","author":"TW Wey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.09.007","article-title":"Independence between coping style and stress reactivity in plateau pika","volume":"197","author":"J Qu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2018.1488768","article-title":"Rodents in the arena: A critical evaluation of methods measuring personality traits","volume":"31","author":"MV Mazzamuto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ethol Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13117","article-title":"Measuring personality traits in Eurasian red squirrels: a critical comparison of different methods","volume":"127","author":"F Santicchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-185X.2009.00103.x","article-title":"The development of animal personality: relevance, concepts and perspectives","volume":"85","author":"J Stamps","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2018.09.012","article-title":"On the usage of single measurements in behavioural ecology research on individual differences","volume":"45","author":"PT Niemel\u00e4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.10.007","article-title":"How do we characterize temperament? Broad testing of temperament across time and contexts in low-variable conditions","volume":"195","author":"EK McMahon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12007","article-title":"Animal personality: what are behavioural ecologists measuring?","volume":"88","author":"AJ Carter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12137","article-title":"On the validity of a single (boldness) assay in personality research","volume":"119","author":"C Beckmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/aru008","article-title":"A sex-specific behavioral syndrome in a wild passerine","volume":"25","author":"N Fresneau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-015-1937-6","article-title":"Personality does not constrain social and behavioural flexibility in African striped mice","volume":"69","author":"CH Yuen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-011-1224-0","article-title":"Social personality traits in chimpanzees: Temporal stability and structure of behaviourally assessed personality traits in three captive populations","volume":"65","author":"SE Koski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.12462","article-title":"Female house mice do not differ in their exploratory behaviour from males","volume":"122","author":"BV B\u00ecmov\u00e0","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoac080","article-title":"Exploring behavioral traits over different contexts in four species of Australian funnel-web spiders","volume":"69","author":"L Hernandez Duran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2022.02.012","article-title":"Urban populations of shrews show larger behavioural differences among individuals than rural populations","volume":"187","author":"S von Merten","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.06.012","article-title":"Animal personality due to social niche specialisation","volume":"25","author":"R Bergm\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.02.021","article-title":"Social personality: A more social shrew species exhibits stronger differences in personality types","volume":"127","author":"S von Merten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104980","article-title":"The social evolution of individual differences: Future directions for a comparative science of personality in social behavior","volume":"144","author":"JS Martin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arz198","article-title":"Towards a comparative approach to the structure of animal personality variation","volume":"31","author":"SJ White","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtherbio.2018.03.025","article-title":"Thermal biology of two sympatric gerbil species: The physiological basis of temporal partitioning","volume":"74","author":"B-Y Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Therm Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2010.11.001","article-title":"Foraging behavior of the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus): Combined effects of distance and microhabitat","volume":"86","author":"L Shuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behav Process"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1111\/bij.12123","article-title":"Intraspecific molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of the Meriones meridianus (Rodentia: Cricetidae) complex in northern China reflect the processes of desertification and the Tianshan Mountains uplift","volume":"110","author":"Y Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol J Linn Soc Lond"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/jzs.12032","article-title":"Geographical variation in the cranial measurements of the midday jird Meriones meridianus (Rodentia: Muridae) and its taxonomic implications","volume":"52","author":"O. Nanova","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Zool Syst Evol Res"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12372","article-title":"Breeding versus survival: Proximate causes of abrupt population decline under environmental change in a desert rodent, the midday gerbil (Meriones meridianus)","volume":"14","author":"A Tchabovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1093\/czoolo\/55.2.81","article-title":"Population response of rodents to control with rodenticides","volume":"55","author":"SA Shilova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/cz\/zoy078","article-title":"Sociability and pair-bonding in gerbils: A comparative experimental study","volume":"65","author":"AV Tchabovsky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.27.269","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the subfamily Gerbillinae (Muridae, Rodentia) with emphasis on species living in the Xinjiang-Uygur autonomous region of China and based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b and cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii genes","volume":"27","author":"M Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zool Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref054","first-page":"49","article-title":"The sociality syndrome. A comparative study of the behavior of gerbils","volume":"55","author":"ME Gol\u2019tsman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zh Obshch Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaridenv.2006.07.002","article-title":"Population dynamics of the Mongolian gerbils: Seasonal patterns and interactions among density, reproduction and climate","volume":"68","author":"W Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Arid Environ"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(89)90002-X","article-title":"Ecology and social behaviour of Mongolian gerbils, Meriones unguiculatus, at Xilinhot, Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"37","author":"G \u00c5gren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(89)90003-1","article-title":"Territoriality, cooperation and resource priority: hoarding in the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus","volume":"37","author":"G \u00c5gren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref058","first-page":"9","article-title":"Social evolution in primates: the role of ecological factors and male behaviour","volume":"88","author":"CP van Schaik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc Br Acad"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1086\/285348","article-title":"A pairwise comparative method as illustrated by copulation frequency in birds","volume":"139","author":"AP M\u00f8ller","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Nat"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01751.x","article-title":"2010. Sample size in the study of behaviour","volume":"116","author":"M. Taborsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2008.12.022","article-title":"The repeatability of behaviour: a meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"AM Bell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-016-2131-1","article-title":"Personality traits are consistent when measured in the field and in the laboratory in African striped mice (Rhabdomys pumilio)","volume":"70","author":"CH Yuen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2017.04.009","article-title":"Boldness: are open field and startle tests measuring the same personality trait?","volume":"128","author":"CH Yuen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00373-5","article-title":"Behavioral profile of wild mice in the elevated plus-maze test for anxiety","volume":"71","author":"A Holmes","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiol Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0130474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130474","article-title":"Context matters: Multiple novelty tests reveal different aspects of shyness-boldness in farmed American mink (Neovison vison)","volume":"10","author":"CL Noer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2011.10.031","article-title":"Guidelines for the treatment of animals in behavioural research and teaching","volume":"83","author":"ASAB\/ABS","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v033.i02","article-title":"MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: The MCMCglmm R package","volume":"33","author":"JD Hadfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref068","unstructured":"Hadfield JD. (2019). MCMCglmm course notes. https:\/\/cran.r-hub.io\/web\/packages\/MCMCglmm\/vignettes\/CourseNotes.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref069","article-title":"Small sample size solutions: A guide for applied researchers and practitioners","author":"R Van de Schoot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-020-00001-2","article-title":"Bayesian statistics and modelling","volume":"1","author":"R Van de Schoot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429273872-2","volume-title":"Small sample size solutions: A guide for applied researchers and practitioners","author":"M Mio\u010devi\u0107","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429273872-5","volume-title":"Small sample size solutions: A guide for applied researchers and practitioners","author":"D Veen","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2019.1577140","article-title":"Bayesian versus frequentist estimation for structural equation models in small sample contexts: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"SC Smid","year":"2020","journal-title":"Struct Equ Modeling"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref074","article-title":"BAS: Bayesian variable selection and model averaging using Bayesian adaptive sampling","author":"M. Clyde","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 1.6.4"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref075","article-title":"An introduction to Bayesian thinking","author":"M Clyde","year":"2022","journal-title":"A Companion to the Statistics with R Course"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2010.01758.x","article-title":"Using principal components and factor analysis in animal behaviour research: Caveats and guidelines","volume":"116","author":"SV Budaev","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ethology"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/1365-2656.12013","article-title":"Quantifying individual variation in behaviour: mixed-effect modelling approaches","volume":"82","author":"NJ Dingemanse","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Anim Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1111\/2041-210X.12797","article-title":"rptR: repeatability estimation and variance decomposition by generalized linear mixed-effects models","volume":"8","author":"MA Stoffel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Methods Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref079","article-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2023","journal-title":"Version 4.2.3. R Found Stat Comput"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-013-1527-4","article-title":"On between-individual and residual (co)variances in the study of animal personality: are you willing to take the \u201cindividual gambit\u201d?","volume":"67","author":"JE Brommer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.451","article-title":"How does variation in the environment and individual cognition explain the existence of consistent behavioral differences?","volume":"3","author":"PT Niemel\u00e4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2003.2518","article-title":"Realized heritability and repeatability of risk-taking behaviour in relation to avian personalities","volume":"271","author":"K van Oers","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2012.08.010","article-title":"Personality differences are related to long-term stress reactivity in a population of wild eastern chipmunks, Tamias striatus","volume":"84","author":"P-O Montiglio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/arv030","article-title":"Boldness-exploration behavioral syndrome: Interfamily variability and repeatability of personality traits in the young of the convict cichlid (Amatitlania siquia)","volume":"26","author":"GPF Mazu\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2013.09.016","article-title":"Development of boldness and docility in yellow-bellied marmots","volume":"86","author":"MB Petelle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2009.01781.x","article-title":"Male personality, life-history strategies and reproductive success in a promiscuous mammal","volume":"22","author":"D R\u00e9ale","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1093\/beheco\/art034","article-title":"Personality traits are related to ecology across a biological invasion","volume":"24","author":"CF Carvalho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behav Ecol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10228-020-00744-8","article-title":"\u2018The Bold are the Sociable\u2019: Personality traits and laterality in an indigenous megafish, the Deccan Mahseer (Tor khudree)","volume":"67","author":"V Varma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ichthyol Res"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-011-1291-2","article-title":"Individual deviation from behavioural correlations: A simple approach to study the evolution of behavioural syndromes","volume":"66","author":"G Herczeg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behav Ecol Sociobiol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12818","article-title":"A meta-analysis of sex differences in animal personality: No evidence for the greater male variability hypothesis","volume":"97","author":"LM Harrison","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(73)80065-X","article-title":"Tests for emotionality in rats and mice: A review","volume":"21","author":"J. Archer","year":"1973","journal-title":"Anim Behav"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2015.01.012","article-title":"Cognition and personality: An analysis of an emerging field","volume":"30","author":"AS Griffin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.05.069","article-title":"Sociality, evolution and cognition","volume":"17","author":"RW Byrne","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref094","first-page":"20152725","article-title":"Absolute, not relative brain size correlates with sociality in ground squirrels","volume":"283","author":"J Mat\u011bj\u016f","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-01751-5","article-title":"How STRANGE are your study animals?","volume":"582","author":"MM Webster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72452","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0072452","article-title":"Evolution of Peromyscus leucopus mice in response to a captive environment","volume":"8","author":"RC Lacy","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172099","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.172099","article-title":"A longitudinal study of phenotypic changes in early domestication of house mice","volume":"5","author":"M Geiger","year":"2018","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-12-S1-S19","article-title":"Domestication affects the structure, development and stability of biobehavioural profiles","volume":"12","author":"S Kaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Zool"},{"key":"pone.0296214.ref099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001186","article-title":"Human protection drives the emergence of a new coping style in animals","volume":"19","author":"B Sadoul","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296214","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]],"date-time":"2024-04-16T13:43:33Z","timestamp":1713275013000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296214"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]},"references-count":99,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296214","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.12.08.570870","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,16]]}}}