{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:59:26Z","timestamp":1787165966039,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008816","name":"University of Sri Jayewardenepura","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ASP\/01\/RE\/SCI\/2017\/53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ASP\/01\/RE\/SCI\/2017\/53"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008816","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n complex is the primary vector for cutaneous leishmaniasis, a burgeoning health concern in contemporary Sri Lanka, where effective vector control is important for proper disease management. Understanding the genetic diversity of the\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n population in Sri Lanka is vital before implementing a successful vector control program. Various studies have indicated that genetic divergence, caused by genetic drift or selection, can significantly influence the vector capacity of arthropod species. To devise innovative control strategies for\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n , exploring genetic diversity and phylogeography can offer valuable insights into vector competence, key genetic trait transfer, and impact on disease epidemiology. The primary objective is to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogeography of the\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n complex in Sri Lanka, based on two mitochondrial genomic regions in modern representatives of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n populations.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methodology<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 159\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n specimens were collected from five endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis and identified morphologically. Two mitochondrial regions (Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (\n COI<\/jats:italic>\n ) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (\n ND4<\/jats:italic>\n ) were amplified using the total DNA and subsequently sequenced. Partial sequences of those mitochondrial genes were utilized to analyze genetic diversity indices and to explore phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n \n Among five sampling locations, the highest genetic diversity for\n COI<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ND4<\/jats:italic>\n was observed in Hambantota (Hd\u20140.749, \u03c0\u20140.00417) and Medirigiriya (Hd\u20140.977, \u03c0\u20140.01055), respectively. Phylogeographic analyses conducted using\n COI<\/jats:italic>\n sequences and GenBank retrieved sequences demonstrated a significant divergence of\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n haplotypes found in Sri Lanka. Results revealed that they have evolved from the Indian ancestral haplotype due to historical- geographical connections of the Indian subcontinent with Sri Lanka.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Utilizing high-mutation-rate mitochondrial genes, such as\n ND4<\/jats:italic>\n , can enhance the accuracy of genetic variability analysis\n in P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n populations in Sri Lanka. The phylogeographical analysis of\n COI<\/jats:italic>\n gene markers in this study provides insights into the historical geographical relationship between India and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n in Sri Lanka. Both\n COI<\/jats:italic>\n and\n ND4<\/jats:italic>\n genes exhibited consistent genetic homogeneity in\n P<\/jats:italic>\n .\n argentipes<\/jats:italic>\n in Sri Lanka, suggesting minimal impact on gene flow. This homogeneity also implies the potential for horizontal gene transfer across populations, facilitating the transmission of genes associated with traits like insecticide resistance. This dynamic undermines disease control efforts reliant on vector control strategies.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T13:24:36Z","timestamp":1703856276000},"page":"e0296286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Phlebotomus argentipes (Diptera: Psychodidae, Phlebotominae), using COI and ND4 mitochondrial gene sequences"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8852-4789","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"W. Methsala Madurangi","family":"Wedage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3772-565X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Iresha N.","family":"Harischandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. V. D. S. Jagathpriya","family":"Weerasena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8725-4393","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"B. G. D. N. K.","family":"De Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296286.ref001","volume-title":"Principles of population genetics","author":"DL Hartl","year":"1997"},{"issue":"04","key":"pone.0296286.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2000-5958","article-title":"Genetic diversity and the survival of populations","volume":"2","author":"G Booy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Biology"},{"issue":"1391","key":"pone.0296286.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1999.0523","article-title":"Studying insect diversity in the tropics","volume":"354","author":"HC Godfray","year":"1999","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 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