{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:32:59Z","timestamp":1783344779216,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ratchadapisek Sompoch Endowment Fund, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University","award":["GA64\/020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA64\/020"]}]},{"name":"90th Anniversary of Chulalongkorn University Scholarship, Chulalongkorn University"},{"name":"Research Grant of The Medical Council of Thailand"},{"name":"King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 72nd Birthday Anniversary Scholarship for the Master\u2019s Degree program, Chulalongkorn University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) leads to meibum stasis and pathogenic bacteria proliferation. We determined meibum microbiota via next-generation sequencing (NGS) and examined their association with tear cytokine levels in patients with MGD. This cross-sectional study included 44 moderate\u2013severe patients with MGD and 44 healthy controls (HCs). All volunteers underwent assessment with the ocular surface disease index questionnaire, Schirmer without anesthesia, tear break-up time, Oxford grading of ocular surface staining, and lid and meibum features. Sample collection included tears for cytokine detection and meibum for 16S rRNA NGS. No significant differences were observed in the \u03b1-diversity of patients with MGD compared with that in HCs. However, Simpson\u2019s index showed significantly decreased \u03b1-diversity for severe MGD than for moderate MGD (p = 0.045). Principal coordinate analysis showed no significant differences in \u03b2-diversity in meibum samples from patients with MGD and HCs. Patients with MGD had significantly higher relative abundances of <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> (8.54% vs. 6.00%, p = 0.015) and <jats:italic>Novosphingobium<\/jats:italic> (0.14% vs. 0.004%, p = 0.012) than the HCs. Significantly higher interleukin (IL)-17A was detected in the MGD group than in the HC group, particularly for severe MGD (p = 0.008). Although <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> was more abundant in the MGD group than in the HC group, it was not positively correlated with IL-17A. The relationship between core meibum microbiota and tear cytokine levels remains unclear. However, increased <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Novosphingobium<\/jats:italic> abundance may be critical in MGD pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T18:27:05Z","timestamp":1703269625000},"page":"e0296296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Composition and diversity of meibum microbiota in meibomian gland dysfunction and the correlation with tear cytokine levels"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ubonwan","family":"Rasaruck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1926-4666","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ngamjit","family":"Kasetsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5814-2413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thanachaporn","family":"Kittipibul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8757-3554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pisut","family":"Pongchaikul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanittha","family":"Chatsuwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0296296.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4774","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-27719","article-title":"Composition and Diversity of Bacterial Community on the Ocular Surface of Patients With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction","volume":"60","author":"X Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0296296.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"DES94","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-23345","article-title":"Inflamed Obstructive Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Causes Ocular Surface Inflammation","volume":"59","author":"T. 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