{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T10:57:30Z","timestamp":1791975450018,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although milk and dairy products are almost complete food, they can contain toxic heavy elements with potential hazards for consumers. This review aims to provide a comprehensive report on the occurrence, concentration, and health risks of selected heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk recorded worldwide.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was used to develop this systematic review. Databases included the Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar, and PubMed from inception until January 2023. Keywords related to the terms \u201cHeavy metals\u201d, \u201cArsenic\u201d and \u201cPasteurized and sterilized milk\u201d and \u201cRisk Assessment\u201d were used. The potential health risks to human health from milk daily consumption were estimated using extracted data on heavy metals concentration based on metal estimated daily intake, target hazard quotient, and carcinogenic risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 48 potentially relevant articles with data on 981 milk samples were included in the systematic review. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry were the most common valid methods to measure heavy metals in milk samples. Following the initial evaluation, Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb were the most contaminants, which exceeded the maximum permissible criteria in 94%, 67%, 62%, and 46% of the milk samples tested. Relying on target hazard quotient and carcinogenic risk results, milk consumers in 33(68.75%) and 7 (14.5%) studies were exposed to moderate to high levels of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk, respectively. The highest level of risk is due to the consumption of pasteurized and sterilized milk detected in Pakistan, Brazil, Egypt, Slovakia, and Turkey.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The elevated levels of heavy metals in milk samples, especially Pb and Cd is a public health concern; therefore, maximum control and strict regulations must be adopted to decrease heavy metals contaminants in the dairy industry. Further studies are required to develop safe milk processing and handling methods for the decontamination of heavy metals in milk and its products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T13:28:46Z","timestamp":1707139726000},"page":"e0296649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Alinezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7891-4449","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seyedeh Belin","family":"Tavakoly Sany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296649.ref001","first-page":"292","article-title":"Evaluation of knowledge, practice and attitude of food health and safety in food service centers of Kermanshah province during the outbreak of Covid disease 19","volume":"7","author":"M Teymouri Yeganeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Environmental Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296649.ref002","first-page":"73","article-title":"Students\u2019 knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding healthy and safe food in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences","volume":"6","author":"S Abedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0296649.ref003","first-page":"e3","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of lead and cadmium in the milk distributed in Tehran\u2019s schools by differentialpulse anodic stripping voltammetry","volume":"2","author":"M Fakhreddini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Pharm Acta"},{"key":"pone.0296649.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.1007\/s12161-016-0491-9","article-title":"Optimization and validation procedure for elemental composition of fresh and pasteurized milk in Pakistan employing microwave digestion followed by ICP-OES: A contribution to risk assessment","volume":"9","author":"M Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Analytical Methods"},{"key":"pone.0296649.ref005","first-page":"14","article-title":"Determination of Lead Level in Pasteurized Milk and Dairy Products Consumed In Tehran and Evaluation of Associated Health Risk","author":"S Sharifi","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Cancer Management"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296649.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42779-019-0008-4","article-title":"Traditional dairy products in Algeria: case of Klila cheese","volume":"6","author":"C Leksir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic Foods"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296649.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9681","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18296","article-title":"MILK Symposium review: The importance of milk and dairy foods in the diets of infants, adolescents, pregnant women, adults, and the elderly","volume":"103","author":"D. 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