{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:35:09Z","timestamp":1789763709532,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004829","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2021YJ0209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YJ0209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004829","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009564","name":"Health and Family Planning Commission of Sichuan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21PJ070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21PJ070"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Microbiome-directed therapies are increasingly utilized to optimize thyroid function in both healthy individuals and those with thyroid disorders. However, recent doubts have been raised regarding the efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in improving thyroid function. This systematic review aimed to investigate the potential relationship between probiotics\/prebiotics and thyroid function by analyzing the impact on thyroid hormone levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that investigated the effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) levels. We searched for articles from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase up until April 1st, 2023, without any language restriction. Quantitative data analysis was performed using a random-effects model, with standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval as summary statistics. The methods and results were reported according to the PRISMA2020 statement.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of eight articles were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed no significant alterations in TSH (SMD: -0.01, 95% CI: \u22120.21, 0.20, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.93; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 0.00%), fT4 (SMD: 0.04, 95% CI: \u22120.29, 0.21, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.73; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 0.00%) or fT3 (SMD: 0.45, 95% CI: \u22120.14, 1.03, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.43; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 78.00%), while a significant reduction in TRAb levels was observed (SMD: -0.85, 95% CI: -1.54, -0.15, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.02; I<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>: 18.00%) following probiotics\/prebiotics supplementation. No indication of publication bias was found.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Probiotics\/prebiotics supplementation does not influence thyroid hormone levels, but may modestly reduce TRAb levels in patients with Graves\u2019 disease.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T18:36:17Z","timestamp":1704998177000},"page":"e0296733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effect of probiotics or prebiotics on thyroid function: A meta-analysis of eight randomized controlled trials"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Qinxi","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-9251","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chao","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenzhu","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minfen","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296733.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2020-001420","article-title":"Thyroid 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