{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:20:54Z","timestamp":1747196454265,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interconnected transmission systems are increasingly spreading out in HV networks to enhance system efficiency, decrease reserve capacity, and improve service reliability. However, the protection of multi-terminal lines against Broken Conductor Fault (BCF) imposes significant difficulties in such networks as the conventional distance relays cannot detect BCF, as the BCF is not associated with a significant increase in current or reduction in voltage Traditionally, the earth fault relays in transmission lines may detect such fault; Nonetheless, it suffers from a long delay time. Moreover, many of the nearby earth fault relays detect the BCF causing unnecessary trips and badly affecting the system stability. <jats:underline>In this article<\/jats:underline>, a novel single-end scheme based on extracting transient features from current signals by discrete wavelet transform (DWT) is proposed for detecting BCFs in interconnected HV transmission systems. The suggested scheme unit (SSU) is capable of accurately detecting all types of BCFs and shunt high impedance faults (SHIFs). It also adaptively calculates the applied threshold values. The accurate selectivity in multi-terminal lines is achieved based on a fault directional element by analyzing transient power polarity. The SSU discriminates between internal\/external faults effectively utilizing the time difference observed between the first spikes of aerial and ground modes in the current signals. Different fault scenarios have been simulated on the IEEE 9-Bus, 230 kV interconnected system. The achieved results confirm the effectiveness, robustness, and reliability of SSU in detecting correctly BCFs as well as the SHIFs within only 24.5 ms. The SSU has confirmed its capability to be implemented in interconnected systems without any requirement for communication or synchronization between the SSU installed in multi-terminal lines.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T18:36:11Z","timestamp":1705084571000},"page":"e0296773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of broken conductor faults in interconnected transmission systems based on discrete wavelet transform"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5701-2075","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Basem Abd-Elhamed","family":"Rashad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doaa K.","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud I.","family":"Gilany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmed Sayed","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0212-8166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wael","family":"Abdelfattah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296773.ref001","unstructured":"IEEE Power System Relaying Committee. Protection aspects of multi-terminal lines. IEEE Publication No. 79 TH0056-2-PWR (1979)."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296773.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12849","DOI":"10.1002\/2050-7038.12849","article-title":"J. Fault section identification of a three terminal line during power swing","volume":"31","author":"H. Shekhar","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296773.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41601-018-0087-z","article-title":"PMU based adaptive zone settings of distance relays for protection of multi-terminal transmission lines","volume":"3","author":"B. Mallikarjuna","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2017.05.024","article-title":"A new faulty section identification and fault localization technique for three-terminal transmission line","volume":"93","author":"VK Gaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106286","article-title":"A novel protection scheme for multi-terminal transmission lines based on wavelet transform","volume":"183","author":"A. R. Adly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296773.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.12693","article-title":"A novel superimposed component\u2010based protection method for multi\u2010terminal transmission lines using phaselet transform","volume":"17","author":"S. Ansari","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296773.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Wide area measurements based fault detection and location method for transmission lines","volume":"4","author":"W. Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Protection and Control of Modern Power Systems"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1049\/hve.2016.0005","article-title":"Fault detection, classification and location for transmission lines and distribution systems: a review on the methods","volume":"1","author":"K Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"High Voltage"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.10.021","article-title":"High impedance fault detection: A review","volume":"143","author":"A Ghaderi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2022.12.357","article-title":"A DT-CWT and Data mining based approach for High Impedance Fault Diagnosis in Microgrid System","volume":"217","author":"T. Biswal","year":"2023","journal-title":". Procedia Computer Science"},{"journal-title":"Open conductor analysis and detectionIEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting","year":"2014","author":"F. Velez","key":"pone.0296773.ref011"},{"first-page":"50","year":"2010","author":"M Gilany","key":"pone.0296773.ref012"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref013","first-page":"123","article-title":"Detection and Classification of One Conductor Open Faults in Parallel Transmission Line using Artificial Neural Network.","volume":"2","author":"BM Hasaneen","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Scientific Research & Engineering Trends"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref014","first-page":"125","article-title":"A logic based protection scheme for six phase transmission system against shunt and series faults","volume":"12","author":"G Chandra Sekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"World Journal of Modelling and Simulation"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296773.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11060836","article-title":"A New Detection Method for Load Side Broken Conductor Fault Based on Negative to Positive Current Sequence","volume":"11","author":"A. G. Al-Baghdadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3235592","article-title":"Support Vector Machine Parameters Optimization for 500 kV Long OHTL Fault Diagnosis.","volume":"11","author":"A. Said","year":"2023","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.5120\/17678-8522","article-title":"A. Artificial Neural Network based Protection Scheme for One Conductor Open Faults in Six Phase Transmission Line","volume":"101","author":"E Koley","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Applications"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref018","first-page":"157","volume-title":"2017 7th International Conference on Power Systems","author":"SK Shukla","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2752-6_44","article-title":"Fuzzy based fault location estimation during unearthed open conductor faults in double circuit transmission line","volume":"2","author":"Aleena Swetapadma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Information Systems Design and Intelligent Applications 2016"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0296773.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.3390\/en12153022","article-title":"A Voltage-Based Approach for Series High Impedance Fault Detection and Location in Distribution Systems Using Smart Meters","volume":"12","author":"F. L. Vieira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105610","article-title":"Residual current-based method for open phase detection in radial and multi-source power systems","volume":"117","author":"A.C. Adewole","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power and Energy Systems"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2015.0899","article-title":"Critical aspects on wavelet transforms based fault identification procedures in HV transmission line","volume":"10","author":"AR Adly","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution 2016"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2015.11.048","article-title":"Fast fault detection and classification based on a combination of wavelet singular entropy theory and fuzzy logic in distribution lines in the presence of distributed generations.","volume":"78","author":"M. Dehghani","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296773.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/15325008.2023.2172091","article-title":"High Impedance Fault Detection Using Multi-Domain Feature with Artificial Neural Network","volume":"51","author":"B. K. Sangeet","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electric Power Components and Systems"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2019.105897","article-title":"MODWT-based fault detection and classification scheme for cross-country and evolving faults","volume":"175","author":"V Ashok","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2018.10.086","article-title":"An adaptive sensitive frequency band selection method for empirical wavelet transform and its application in bearing fault diagnosis","volume":"134","author":"K. Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296773.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2087","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2991770","article-title":"Fault diagnosis scheme for cross-country faults in dual-circuit line with emphasis on high-impedance fault syndrome","volume":"15","author":"V. Ashok","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Systems Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296773.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1504\/IJCAET.2022.125712","article-title":"Effect of fault classification and detection in transmission line using wavelet detail coefficient","volume":"17","author":"L. K. Raman","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Aided Engineering and Technology"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"pone.0296773.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3152","DOI":"10.1177\/10775463211026033","article-title":"Selection of a mother wavelet as identification pattern for the detection of cracks in shafts","volume":"28","author":"M. Zamorano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Vibration and Control"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.393.953","article-title":"Wavelet Analysis: Mother Wavelet Selection Methods","volume":"393","author":"WK Ngui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2017.02.041","article-title":"A novel single end measuring system based fast identification scheme for transmission line faults. Measurement","volume":"103","author":"AR Adly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the International Measurement Confederation"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296773.ref032","first-page":"1204","article-title":"Fault Detection in Cluster Microgrids of Urban Community using Multi Resolution Technique based Wavelet Transforms","volume":"12","author":"S. B. Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Renewable Energy Research (IJRER)"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00202-020-01117-0","article-title":"A real-time DWT and traveling waves-based multi-functional scheme for transmission line protection reinforcement","volume":"103","author":"K. Jnaneswar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref034","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of 11th IET International Conference on Developments in Power Systems Protection (DPSP 2012)","author":"S. Luo","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.3390\/en11112957","article-title":"An effective ground fault location scheme using unsynchronized data for multi-terminal lines","volume":"11","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.3390\/app9091951","article-title":"Application of Integrated Optical Electric-Field Sensor on the Measurements of Transient Voltages in AC High-Voltage Power Grids","volume":"9","author":"Shijun Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296773.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2010.10.009","article-title":"Phasor measurement unit based transmission line protection scheme design","volume":"81","author":"H. K. Zadeh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Electric Power Systems Research"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref038","first-page":"15","volume-title":"Power System Control and Stability","author":"P. M Anderson","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0296773.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2012.2231886","article-title":"A fault detection technique for the series- compensated line during power swing","volume":"28","author":"P.K. Nayak","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296773","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]],"date-time":"2024-01-12T18:36:31Z","timestamp":1705084591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296773"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Praveen Kumar","family":"Balachandran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296773","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,12]]}}}