{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T23:02:35Z","timestamp":1791759755669,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["342150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["342150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["04435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["04435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-170946"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-170946"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003151","name":"Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Nature et technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The porcine pathogen and zoonotic agent <jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic> induces an exacerbated inflammation in the infected hosts that leads to sepsis, meningitis, and sudden death. Several virulence factors were described for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> of which the capsular polysaccharide (CPS) conceals it from the immune system, and the suilysin exhibits cytotoxic activity. Although neutrophils are recruited rapidly upon <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> infection, their microbicidal functions appear to be poorly activated against the bacteria. However, during disease, the inflammatory environment could promote neutrophil activation as mediators such as the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor granulocyte (G-CSF) and the granulocyte-macrophages colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) prime neutrophils and enhance their responsiveness to bacterial detection. Thus, we hypothesized that CPS and suilysin prevent an efficient activation of neutrophils by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic>, but that G-CSF and GM-CSF rescue neutrophil activation, leading to <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> elimination. We evaluated the functions of porcine neutrophils in <jats:italic>vitro<\/jats:italic> in response to <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> and investigated the role of the CPS and suilysin on cell activation using isogenic mutants of the bacteria. We also studied the influence of G-CSF and GM-CSF on neutrophil response to <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> by priming the cells with recombinant proteins. Our study confirmed that CPS prevents <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic>-induced activation of most neutrophil functions but participates in the release of neutrophil-extracellular traps (NETs). Priming with G-CSF did not influence cell activation, but GM-CSF strongly promote IL-8 release, indicating its involvement in immunomodulation. However, priming did not enhance microbicidal functions. Studying the interaction between <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>suis<\/jats:italic> and neutrophils\u2013first responders in host defense\u2013remains fundamental to understand the immunopathogenesis of the infection and to develop therapeutical strategies related to neutrophils\u2019 defense against this bacterium.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T18:26:52Z","timestamp":1706034412000},"page":"e0296844","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Encapsulated Streptococcus suis impairs optimal neutrophil functions which are not rescued by priming with colony-stimulating factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eava","family":"Bleuz\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Lavoie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"B\u00e9dard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo","family":"Gottschalk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7489-4882","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mariela","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296844.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119350927.ch61","volume-title":"Diseases of Swine","author":"M Gottschalk","year":"2019","edition":"11"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296844.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1053\/jcpa.2001.0522","article-title":"Streptococcus suis serotype 2 infection in pigs: new diagnostic and pathogenetic aspects","volume":"126","author":"LW Madsen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comp Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296844.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1842","article-title":"Streptococcus suis serotype 2, an important swine and human pathogen, induces strong systemic and cerebral inflammatory responses in a mouse model of infection","volume":"179","author":"MC Dominguez-Punaro","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0296844.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.10.028","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of virulence and pathology of Streptococcus suis serotypes 2 and 9 in experimentally infected growers","volume":"128","author":"A Beineke","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296844.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3293","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00440-15","article-title":"TREM-1 signaling promotes host defense during the early stage of infection with highly pathogenic Streptococcus suis","volume":"83","author":"C Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296844.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3399","article-title":"Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation","volume":"13","author":"E Kolaczkowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296844.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005682","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005682","article-title":"Conquering neutrophils","volume":"12","author":"S Dohrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"pone.0296844.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-164023","article-title":"The multifaceted functions of neutrophils","volume":"9","author":"TN Mayadas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0296844.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115653","article-title":"How neutrophils kill microbes","volume":"23","author":"AW Segal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5663","key":"pone.0296844.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria","volume":"303","author":"V Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296844.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.105","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease","volume":"18","author":"V. 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