{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T13:13:53Z","timestamp":1793279633632,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UNAM-PAPIIT","award":["IG201221"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG201221"]}]},{"name":"CONACyT-Fronteras","award":["6682"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6682"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophils are mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic manifestations. They produce many biologically active substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogens through the degranulation of microbicidal components and inflammatory tissue effects. In leishmaniasis, eosinophils have been found within inflammatory infiltrate with protective immunity against the parasite. We analyzed the responses of eosinophils from patients with localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as from healthy subjects, when exposed to <jats:italic>Leishmania mexicana<\/jats:italic>. All DCL patients exhibited blood eosinophilia, along with elevated eosinophil counts in non-ulcerated nodules. In contrast, only LCL patients with prolonged disease progression showed eosinophils in their blood and cutaneous ulcers. Eosinophils from DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, compared to eosinophils from LCL patients. Additionally, DCL patients displayed higher serum levels of anti-<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated that eosinophils from both LCL and DCL patients responded to <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mexicana<\/jats:italic> promastigotes with a robust oxidative burst, which was equally intense in both patient groups and significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Coincubation of eosinophils (from donors with eosinophilia) with <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mexicana<\/jats:italic> promastigotes <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> revealed various mechanisms of parasite damage associated with different patterns of granule exocytosis: 1) localized degranulation on the parasite surface, 2) the release of cytoplasmic membrane-bound \u201cdegranulation sacs\u201d containing granules, 3) release of eosinophil extracellular traps containing DNA and granules with major basic protein. In conclusion, eosinophils damage <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>mexicana<\/jats:italic> parasites through the release of granules via diverse mechanisms. However, despite DCL patients having abundant eosinophils in their blood and tissues, their apparent inability to provide protection may be linked to the release of cytokines and chemokines that promote a Th2 immune response and disease progression in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296887","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T18:37:00Z","timestamp":1708022220000},"page":"e0296887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Eosinophils of patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential response to Leishmania mexicana, with insights into mechanisms of damage inflicted upon the parasites by eosinophils"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Norma","family":"Salaiza-Suazo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxana","family":"Porcel-Aranibar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel Cristina","family":"Ca\u00f1eda-Guzm\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Ruiz-Remigio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"Zamora-Chimal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Delgado-Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocely","family":"Cervantes-Sarabia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Carrada-Figueroa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baldomero","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Barrag\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor Javier","family":"Leal-Ascencio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"P\u00e9rez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9ctor A.","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3821-4998","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ingeborg","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296887.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18061296","article-title":"Cutaneous Manifestations of Human and Murine Leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"BM Scorza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603730","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2603730","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: The Complexity of Host\u2019s Effective Immune Response against a Polymorphic Parasitic Disease","volume":"2019","author":"\u00c1 Gabriel","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref003","article-title":"Epidemiological report on the region of the Americas.","author":"Leishmaniases","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pan American Health Organization."},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032756","article-title":"Contributions of Eosinophils to Human Health and Disease.","volume":"15","author":"AD Klion","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol."},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9095275","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9095275","article-title":"Eosinophils from Physiology to Disease: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"2018","author":"GA Ramirez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296887.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.1984.tb00811.x","article-title":"Tissue eosinophilia and Leishmania mexicana mexicana eosinophil interactions in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"6","author":"G Grimaldi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296887.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4362.1992.tb02721.x","article-title":"Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis with atypical aspects","volume":"31","author":"AL Bittencourt","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296887.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1993.tb05931.x","article-title":"Determination of the cytokine profile in American cutaneous leishmaniasis using the polymerase chain reaction","volume":"91","author":"G C\u00e1ceres-Dittmar","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296887.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s004360050150","article-title":"Eosinophil chemotactic activity in Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes","volume":"82","author":"S Saito","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0296887.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1086\/652870","article-title":"Immunopathological studies of Leishmania amazonensis infection in resistant and in susceptible mice","volume":"201","author":"F de Oliveira Cardoso","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296887.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1089\/1044549041474805","article-title":"IL-5-Induced Eosinophils Suppress the Growth of Leishmania amazonensis In Vivo and Kill Promastigotes In Vitro in Response to Either IL-4 or IFN-gamma","volume":"23","author":"Y Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0296887.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2014.938234","article-title":"Comparison of proton channel, phagocyte oxidase, and respiratory burst levels between human eosinophil and neutrophil granulocytes","volume":"48","author":"I Kov\u00e1cs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Free Radic Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2007.12.013","article-title":"Leishmania (L.) amazonensis: fusion between parasitophorous vacuoles in infected bone-marrow derived mouse macrophages","volume":"119","author":"F Real","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0296887.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00127","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00127-19","article-title":"Eosinophils and Macrophages within the Th2-Induced Granuloma: Balancing Killing and Healing in a Tight Space","volume":"87","author":"A Ariyaratne","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296887.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1998.00328.x","article-title":"Immunomodulation of Chiclero\u2019s ulcer. Role of eosinophils, T cells, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 2","volume":"47","author":"CM Lezama-D\u00e1vila","year":"1998","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926819","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4926819","article-title":"Histopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani in Sri Lanka","volume":"2020","author":"H Wijesinghe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2007.76.88","article-title":"Effect of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland extracts on leukocyte migration induced by Leishmania major","volume":"76","author":"MC Monteiro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296887.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612012005000010","article-title":"Clinical and hematological findings in Leishmania braziliensis-infected dogs from Pernambuco, Brazil","volume":"21","author":"LA Figueredo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev Bras Parasitol Vet."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0296887.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121925","article-title":"NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess.","volume":"8","author":"TL Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296887.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2015.01.026","article-title":"Toxicity of eosinophil MBP is repressed by intracellular crystallization and promoted by extracellular aggregation","volume":"57","author":"A Soragni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.a.10095","article-title":"Piecemeal degranulation as a general secretory mechanism?","volume":"274","author":"E Crivellato","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0296887.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7091","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137091","article-title":"The Enigma of Eosinophil Degranulation.","volume":"22","author":"T Fettrelet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296887.ref023","first-page":"387","article-title":"Fine structure and cytochemistry of the interaction between Leishmania mexicana amazonensis and rat neutrophils and eosinophils","volume":"19","author":"PF Pimenta","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Submicrosc Cytol"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0296887.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-05-432088","article-title":"Eosinophil extracellular DNA trap cell death mediates lytic release of free secretion-competent eosinophil granules in humans","volume":"121","author":"S Ueki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0296887.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0900226106","article-title":"Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes induce and are killed by neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"106","author":"AB Guimar\u00e3es-Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"pone.0296887.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-014-8536-x","article-title":"Eosinophils and mast cells in leishmaniasis.","volume":"59","author":"NE Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunol Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296887.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/s13770-020-00241-z","article-title":"Extracellular Trap by Blood Cells: Clinical Implications.","volume":"17","author":"RJ Nija","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tissue Eng Regen Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296887.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004570","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004570","article-title":"Down-Regulation of TLR and JAK\/STAT Pathway Genes Is Associated with Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Gene Expression Analysis in NK Cells from Patients Infected with Leishmania mexicana.","volume":"10","author":"EA Fern\u00e1ndez-Figueroa","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0296887.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.10.003","article-title":"IL-6 and TNF-alpha production during active canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"115","author":"VM de Lima","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0004375","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004375","article-title":"The Severity of Visceral Leishmaniasis Correlates with Elevated Levels of Serum IL-6, IL-27 and sCD14.","volume":"10","author":"PL Dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0296887.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1080\/20477724.2016.1232042","article-title":"Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review.","volume":"110","author":"N Maspi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health."},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742925","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742925","article-title":"Th17 Cells in Periodontitis and Its Regulation by A20.","volume":"12","author":"N Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296887.ref033","article-title":"Th17 cells and neutrophils: Close collaborators in chronic Leishmania mexicana infections leading to disease severity","volume":"39","author":"CP Pedraza-Zamora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00670","article-title":"Cytokines: Key Determinants of Resistance or Disease Progression in Visceral Leishmaniasis: Opportunities for Novel Diagnostics and Immunotherapy.","volume":"10","author":"A Dayakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0296887.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1242-y","article-title":"Immobilized IL-8 Triggers Phagocytosis and Dynamic Changes in Membrane Microtopology in Human Neutrophils","volume":"43","author":"MT Beste","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.4236\/ojas.2021.113029","article-title":"The Role of Neutrophils in the Interaction with Leishmania: Far beyond a Simple Trojan Horse?","volume":"11","author":"JC Carreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open J. Anim. Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1996.0003","article-title":"Leishmania major: infection of human monocytes induces expression of IL-8 and MCAF.","volume":"82","author":"R Badolato","year":"1996","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2019007","article-title":"Histological and immunological differences between zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania major and sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum.","volume":"26","author":"T Boussoffara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00153","article-title":"Infection of Human Neutrophils with Leishmania infantum or Leishmania major Strains Triggers Activation and Differential Cytokines Release","volume":"9","author":"R Oualha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref040","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evaluation of interleukin-8\u2013251 t\/a polymorphisms in visceral leishmaniasis.","volume":"15","author":"M Hajilooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Res Health Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0296887.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1086\/505504","article-title":"IL6\u2013174 G\/C promoter polymorphism influences susceptibility to mucosal but not localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"194","author":"L Castellucci","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296887.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12620","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12620","article-title":"Leishmania braziliensis isolated from disseminated leishmaniasis patients downmodulate neutrophil function","volume":"41","author":"T Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0296887.ref043","first-page":"4103819","article-title":"Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species","volume":"10","author":"RD Lockard","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0563","article-title":"Epidemiological and experimental Evidence for Sex-Dependent Differences in the Outcome of Leishmania infantum Infection","volume":"98","author":"NE Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0296887.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-022-07539-y","article-title":"Exogenous IL-13 exacerbates Leishmania major infection and abrogates acquired immunity to re-infection","volume":"121","author":"MT Zaatar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296887.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14151","article-title":"Dual blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 with dupilumab, an IL-4R\u03b1 antibody, is required to broadly inhibit type 2 inflammation","volume":"75","author":"A Le Floc\u2019h","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref047","first-page":"101","article-title":"Immunoglobulin E antileishmanial antibody response in cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"ML Sousa-Atta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296887.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002224","article-title":"Leishmania mexicana infection induces IgG to parasite surface glycoinositol phospholipids that can induce IL-10 in mice and humans.","volume":"7","author":"LU Buxbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0296887.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"J282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.11.013","article-title":"Sex affects immunity J","volume":"38","author":"LM Pennell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296887.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-016-0117-3","article-title":"Gene-specific sex effects on eosinophil infiltration in leishmaniasis.","volume":"7","author":"V M, Volkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bio Sex Differ"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0296887.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.90","article-title":"Sex differences in immune responses","volume":"16","author":"SL Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0296887.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005374","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005374","article-title":"SeXX matters in infectious disease pathogenesis.","volume":"12","author":"LG vom Steeg","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathogens."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296887.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12512","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone enhances growth and infectivity of Leishmania mexicana","volume":"40","author":"L S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296887","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T18:37:35Z","timestamp":1708022255000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296887"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vyacheslav","family":"Yurchenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0296887","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]}}}