{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T07:11:15Z","timestamp":1793085075919,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, Republic of Korea","award":["K-23-L04-C06-S01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K-23-L04-C06-S01"]}]},{"name":"Government-wide R&D Fund project for infectious disease research (GFID), Republic of Korea","award":["HG23C1624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HG23C1624"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has considerably impacted public health, including the transmission patterns of other respiratory pathogens, such as the 2009 pandemic influenza (H1N1). COVID-19 and influenza are both respiratory infections that started with a lack of vaccination-based immunity in the population. However, vaccinations have been administered over time, resulting in a transition of the status of both diseases from a pandemic to an endemic. In this study, unsupervised clustering techniques were used to identify clusters of disease trends in Thailand. The analysis incorporated three distinct surveillance datasets: the pandemic influenza outbreak, influenza in the endemic stage, and the early stages of COVID-19. The analysis demonstrated a significant difference in the distribution of provinces between Cluster -1, representing those with unique transmission patterns, and the other clusters, indicating provinces with similar transmission patterns among their members. Specifically, for Pandemic Influenza, the ratio was 61:16, while for Pandemic COVID-19, it was 65:12. In contrast, Endemic Influenza exhibited a ratio of 46:31, with a notable emergence of more clustered provinces in the southern, western, and central regions. Furthermore, a pair of provinces with highly similar spreading patterns were identified during the pandemic stages of both influenza and COVID-19. Although the similarity decreased slightly for endemic influenza, they still belonged to the same cluster. Our objective was to identify the transmission patterns of influenza and COVID-19, with the aim of providing quantitative and spatial information to aid public health management in preparing for future pandemics or transitioning into an endemic phase.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]],"date-time":"2024-01-22T18:24:15Z","timestamp":1705947855000},"page":"e0296888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of geological clusters between influenza and COVID-19 in Thailand with unsupervised clustering analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Thanin","family":"Methiyothin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1171-1206","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Insung","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0296888.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.049","article-title":"The missing season: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on influenza","volume":"39","author":"CM Zipfel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0296888.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.5114\/biolsport.2020.95125","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic: how to maintain a healthy immune system during the lockdown\u2013a multidisciplinary approach with special focus on athletes","volume":"37","author":"N Yousfi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biology of sport"},{"key":"pone.0296888.ref003","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-10) Dashboard. 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Available from: https:\/\/covid19.who.int."},{"key":"pone.0296888.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-2659.2011.00199.x","article-title":"Systematic review of clinical and epidemiological features of the pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009.","volume":"5","author":"G Khandaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Influ Other Respir Viruses"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0296888.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1005102","article-title":"The public\u2019s response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic.","volume":"362","author":"GK SteelFisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0296888.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16381","article-title":"Decreased influenza activity during the Covid-19 pandemic\u2014United States, Australia, Chile, and South Africa, 2020.","volume":"20","author":"SJ Olsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0296888.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10730","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90329-w","article-title":"Decline in influenza cases in Mexico after the implementation of public health measures for COVID-19.","volume":"11","author":"D Arellanos-Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Scientific Reports.May 24"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0296888.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201229","article-title":"Decreased influenza incidence under COVID-19 control measures, Singapore","volume":"26","author":"RJ Soo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerging infectious diseases"},{"key":"pone.0296888.ref009","unstructured":"Global Influenza Programme. 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