{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:13:38Z","timestamp":1790640818563,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["122C262"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122C262"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The somatosensory system is a complect sensory system that differentiates individual athletes. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of visual acuity level on throwing technique, proprioceptive sense of the shoulder joint, light touch and two-point discrimination sense of the upper extremity, and sensory function (postural control and reaction time) in visually impaired goalball players. Goalball players who have different visual acuities B1(unable to perceive light or recognize its shape); B2 (has a visual field of less than 5 degrees and can recognize shapes); B3 (visual field greater than 5 degrees and less than 20 degrees) participated in the study. The sensorial system was evaluated with proprioceptive sense of the shoulder joint and sensory tests (light touch and two-point discrimination sense of the dominant hand.). Sensory function (postural control and reaction time) was evaluated with the flamingo balance test, functional reach test, and pro-agility test. The goalball players\u2019 throwing technique was questioned. Seventeen male players, those aged 20\u201330 (20.8\u00b13.9 years) who have been professionally engaged in goalball for at least three years (58.7\u201337.8 months) participated. Shoulder internal rotation joint position sense and the flamingo balance test were found to be different in the group with B1 visual acuity than in the group with B3 visual acuity (p = 0.042* and 0.028 respectively). There was no difference between groups with B1-B2 visual acuity (p = 0.394 and p = 0.065) and between groups with B2-B3 visual acuity (p = 0.792 and p = 0.931). There was no difference in the groups in terms of sensory tests and reaction time (p&gt; 0.05). In goalball, joint position sense is related to throwing techniques. Although there is a general acceptance that other sensory systems should work harder to compensate for the sense of vision, fear of falling, athlete\u2019s branch year, sports year, muscle strength, and general physical condition of the athlete may affect the measurements made, especially in the dynamic position.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0296948","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T17:40:47Z","timestamp":1710351647000},"page":"e0296948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Sensory function and somatosensorial system changes according to visual acuity and throwing techniques in goalball players: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-5908","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ay\u015fenur","family":"G\u00f6k\u015fen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-3241","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gonca","family":"\u0130nce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0296948.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1177\/1747954117727791","article-title":"Static balance of visually impaired paralympic goalball players.","volume":"12","author":"G Bednarczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Sports Science & 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