{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T12:17:12Z","timestamp":1780402632460,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707955200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hollins University","award":["the Paula Pimlott Brownlee and Janet Spear Professorships"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["the Paula Pimlott Brownlee and Janet Spear Professorships"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 1983\u20131984 mortality event of the long-spined sea urchin <jats:italic>Diadema antillarum<\/jats:italic> reduced their population by up to 99% and was accompanied by a phase shift from coral dominated to algal dominated reefs in the Caribbean. Modest rebounds of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> populations in the Caribbean have been noted, and here we document the impacts of two major hurricanes (2017, Irma and Maria) and the 2022 disease outbreak on populations of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> found by targeted surveys in the urchin zone at nine fringing reef and three mangrove sites on St. John, USVI. <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> populations at the reef sites had declined by 66% five months after the hurricanes but showed significant recovery just one year later. The impact of recent disease on these populations was much more profound, with all reef populations exhibiting a significant decline (96.4% overall). Fifteen months after the disease was first noted, <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> at reef sites exhibited a modest yet significant recovery (15% pre-disease density). <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> populations in mangrove sites were impacted by the hurricanes but exhibited much higher density than reef sites after the disease outbreak, suggesting that at <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>antillarum<\/jats:italic> in some locations may be less vulnerable to disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]],"date-time":"2024-02-15T18:42:01Z","timestamp":1708022521000},"page":"e0297026","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Impacts of hurricanes and disease on Diadema antillarum in shallow water reef and mangrove locations in St John, USVI"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4503-670X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renee D.","family":"Godard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Morgan","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caleb G.","family":"Amstutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297026.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.es.19.110188.002103","article-title":"Mass Mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean: What Have We Learned?","volume":"19","author":"HA Lessios","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann Rev Ecol Syst."},{"key":"pone.0297026.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-013-2871-9","article-title":"What makes a species common? No evidence of density dependent recruitment or mortality of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum after the 1983\u20131984 mass mortality","volume":"175","author":"DR Levitan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297026.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-marine-122414-033857","article-title":"The Great Diadema antillarum Die-Off: 30 Years Later","volume":"8","author":"HA Lessios","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Rev Mar Sci [Internet]."},{"key":"pone.0297026.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3354\/meps017105","article-title":"De Rutter Van Steveninck ED. 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