{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T18:36:49Z","timestamp":1788979009015,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/T018984\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/T018984\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003093","name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/MR\/T018984\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/MR\/T018984\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001779","name":"Monash University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001779","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Quantifying movement behaviours over 24-hours enables the combined effects of and inter-relations between sleep, sedentary time and physical activity (PA) to be understood. This is the first study describing 24-hour movement behaviours in school-aged children and adolescents in South-East Asia. Further aims were to investigate between-participant differences in movement behaviours by demographic characteristics and timing of data collection during Ramadan and COVID-19 restrictions.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Data came from the South-East Asia Community Observatory health surveillance cohort, 2021\u20132022. Children aged 7\u201318 years within selected households in Segamat, Malaysia wore an Axivity AX6 accelerometer on their wrist for 24 hours\/day over 7 days, completed the PAQ-C questionnaire, and demographic information was obtained. Accelerometer data was processed using GGIR to determine time spent asleep, inactive, in light-intensity PA (LPA) and moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA). Differences in accelerometer-measured PA by demographic characteristics (sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic group) were explored using univariate linear regression. Differences between data collected during vs outside Ramadan or during vs after COVID-19 restrictions, were investigated through univariate and multiple linear regressions, adjusted for age, sex and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The 491 participants providing accelerometer data spent 8.2 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 7.9\u20138.4) hours\/day asleep, 12.4 (95% CI = 12.2\u201312.7) hours\/day inactive, 2.8 (95% CI = 2.7\u20132.9) hours\/day in LPA, and 33.0 (95% CI = 31.0\u201335.1) minutes\/day in MVPA. Greater PA and less time inactive were observed in boys vs girls, children vs adolescents, Indian and Chinese vs Malay children and higher income vs lower income households. Data collection during Ramadan or during COVID-19 restrictions were not associated with MVPA engagement after adjustment for demographic characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Demographic characteristics remained the strongest correlates of accelerometer-measured 24-hour movement behaviours in Malaysian children and adolescents. Future studies should seek to understand why predominantly girls, adolescents and children from Malay ethnicities have particularly low movement behaviours within Malaysia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T18:25:42Z","timestamp":1708453542000},"page":"e0297102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Accelerometer-measured 24-hour movement behaviours over 7 days in Malaysian children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Sophia M.","family":"Brady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Salway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeevitha","family":"Mariapun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amutha","family":"Ramadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Rizal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andy","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9697-9353","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Chris","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8985-3154","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tin Tin","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8946-5776","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Miranda E. G.","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297102.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01855.x","article-title":"The relationship between children\u2019s habitual activity level and psychological well\u2010being","volume":"94","author":"G Parfitt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e97","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040097","article-title":"Objectively measured physical activity and fat mass in a large cohort of children.","volume":"4","author":"AR Ness","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS medicine."},{"issue":"9532","key":"pone.0297102.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69075-2","article-title":"Physical activity and clustered cardiovascular risk in children: a cross-sectional study (The European Youth Heart Study).","volume":"368","author":"LB Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-9-34","article-title":"Levels of physical activity and sedentary time among 10- to 12-year-old boys and girls across 5 European countries using accelerometers: an observational study within the ENERGY-project","volume":"9","author":"M Verloigne","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.3.584","article-title":"Associations between objectively assessed physical activity and indicators of body fatness in 9- to 10-y-old European children: a population-based study from 4 distinct regions in Europe (the European Youth Heart Study).","volume":"80","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.08.014","article-title":"Physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in children: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.","volume":"69","author":"CC Cesa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref007","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010","journal-title":"Global recommendations on physical activity for health: World Health Organization"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0297102.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-102955","article-title":"World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour","volume":"54","author":"FC Bull","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01037-z","article-title":"2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour for children and adolescents aged 5\u201317\u2009years: summary of the evidence.","volume":"17","author":"J-P Chaput","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297102.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e488","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030488","article-title":"TV viewing and physical activity are independently associated with metabolic risk in children: the European Youth Heart Study","volume":"3","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297102.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.156","article-title":"Moderate to vigorous physical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents","volume":"307","author":"U Ekelund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01324-x","article-title":"Associations of accelerometer measured school- and non-school based physical activity and sedentary time with body mass index: IPEN Adolescent study","volume":"19","author":"D Van Dyck","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(19)30323-2","article-title":"Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1\u00b76 million participants","volume":"4","author":"R Guthold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Child Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2020-103640","article-title":"Physical inactivity and non-communicable disease burden in low-income, middle-income and high-income countries","volume":"56","author":"PT Katzmarzyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-020-01042-2","article-title":"Advancing the global physical activity agenda: recommendations for future research by the 2020 WHO physical activity and sedentary behavior guidelines development group","volume":"17","author":"L DiPietro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297102.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0139984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139984","article-title":"Combined Effects of Time Spent in Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviors and Sleep on Obesity and Cardio-Metabolic Health Markers: A Novel Compositional Data Analysis Approach.","volume":"10","author":"SF Chastin","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297102.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S294","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0026","article-title":"Associations between sleep duration, sedentary time, physical activity, and health indicators among Canadian children and youth using compositional analyses.","volume":"41","author":"V Carson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-016-0449-8","article-title":"Proportion of children meeting recommendations for 24-hour movement guidelines and associations with adiposity in a 12-country study.","volume":"13","author":"B Roman-Vi\u00f1as","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref019","article-title":"Back to school after lockdown: The effect of COVID-19 restrictions on children\u2019s device-based physical activity metrics.","author":"L Hurter","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Sport Health Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297102.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003210","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003210","article-title":"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the GoActive intervention to increase physical activity among UK adolescents: A cluster randomised controlled trial.","volume":"17","author":"K Corder","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01375-0","article-title":"Sedentary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors in Mexican children and adolescents: analysis of longitudinal data.","volume":"19","author":"AA Aljahdali","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-021-01155-2","article-title":"Global prevalence of physical activity for children and adolescents; inconsistencies, research gaps, and recommendations: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"S Aubert","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6557-z","article-title":"Dietary and physical activity patterns related to cardio-metabolic health among Malaysian adolescents: a systematic review.","volume":"19","author":"S Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-78","article-title":"How many steps\/day are enough? for children and adolescents","volume":"8","author":"C Tudor-Locke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref025","article-title":"Physical activity, eating behaviour and body image perception among young adolescents in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia","volume":"17","author":"Z Farah Wahida","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaysian journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2012.12.001","article-title":"Sleep habits, food intake, and physical activity levels in normal and overweight and obese Malaysian children.","volume":"8","author":"S Firouzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity Research & Clinical Practice."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120100146","article-title":"Daily physical activity and screen time, but not other sedentary activities, are associated with measures of obesity during childhood","volume":"12","author":"ST Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1177\/2010105818823784","article-title":"Pedometer-determined physical activity among primary schoolchildren in Kuala Lumpur.","volume":"28","author":"BS Wee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1093\/tropej\/fmt093","article-title":"Objectively measured habitual physical activity and sedentary behaviour in obese and non-obese Malaysian children","volume":"60","author":"SW Wafa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12035","article-title":"Validity of a children\u2019s physical activity questionnaire (cPAQ) for the study of bone health.","volume":"55","author":"J Nor Aini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0297102.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2014-093546","article-title":"Evolution of accelerometer methods for physical activity research","volume":"48","author":"RP Troiano","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2013.09.018","article-title":"Practical guide to measuring physical activity.","volume":"114","author":"LG Sylvia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Acad Nutr Diet"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2019-0048","article-title":"Non-Wear Time and Presentation of Compositional 24-Hour Time-Use Analyses Influence Conclusions About Sleep and Body Mass Index in Children","volume":"3","author":"JJ Haszard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 3","key":"pone.0297102.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S197","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0663","article-title":"Systematic review of the relationships between objectively measured physical activity and health indicators in school-aged children and youth.","volume":"41","author":"VJ Poitras","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297102.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S266","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0627","article-title":"Systematic review of the relationships between sleep duration and health indicators in school-aged children and youth.","volume":"41","author":"J-P Chaput","year":"2016","journal-title":"Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12245","article-title":"Longitudinal impact of sleep on overweight and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic review and bias-adjusted meta-analysis.","volume":"16","author":"Y Fatima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"6 Suppl 3","key":"pone.0297102.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S311","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2016-0151","article-title":"Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines for Children and Youth: An Integration of Physical Activity, Sedentary Behaviour, and Sleep.","volume":"41","author":"MS Tremblay","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl Physiol Nutr Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09213-3","article-title":"Is adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines associated with a reduced risk of adiposity among children and adolescents?","volume":"20","author":"L Jakubec","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297102.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0152-8","article-title":"Physical activity intensity, bout-duration, and cardiometabolic risk markers in children and adolescents","volume":"42","author":"J Tarp","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Obesity"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0297102.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1781-1","article-title":"Physical activity, obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in 9- to 10-year-old UK children of white European, South Asian and black African-Caribbean origin: the Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE).","volume":"53","author":"CG Owen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297102.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx113","article-title":"HDSS Profile: The South East Asia Community Observatory Health and Demographic Surveillance System (SEACO HDSS).","volume":"46","author":"U Partap","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000771","article-title":"Wear Compliance and Activity in Children Wearing Wrist- and Hip-Mounted Accelerometers.","volume":"48","author":"SJ Fairclough","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0169649","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169649","article-title":"Large Scale Population Assessment of Physical Activity Using Wrist Worn Accelerometers: The UK Biobank Study.","volume":"12","author":"A Doherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0063","article-title":"GGIR: A Research Community\u2013Driven Open Source R Package for Generating Physical Activity and Sleep Outcomes From Multi-Day Raw Accelerometer Data","volume":"2","author":"JH Migueles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61691","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061691","article-title":"Separating movement and gravity components in an acceleration signal and implications for the assessment of human daily physical activity.","volume":"8","author":"VT van Hees","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297102.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000289","article-title":"Age group comparability of raw accelerometer output from wrist- and hip-worn monitors.","volume":"46","author":"M Hildebrand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-023-01435-z","article-title":"Reference values for wrist-worn accelerometer physical activity metrics in England children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"SJ Fairclough","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297102.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001561","article-title":"Beyond Cut Points: Accelerometer Metrics that Capture the Physical Activity Profile.","volume":"50","author":"AV Rowlands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-019-0225-9","article-title":"Enhancing the value of accelerometer-assessed physical activity: meaningful visual comparisons of data-driven translational accelerometer metrics.","volume":"5","author":"AV Rowlands","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Medicine\u2014Open."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297102.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2018-0073","article-title":"Providing a Basis for Harmonization of Accelerometer-Assessed Physical Activity Outcomes Across Epidemiological Datasets","volume":"2","author":"AV Rowlands","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.2018-0201","article-title":"Moving forward with accelerometer-assessed physical activity: two strategies to ensure meaningful, interpretable, and comparable measures","volume":"30","author":"AV Rowlands","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatric exercise science"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1123\/pes.9.2.174","article-title":"Validation of the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children.","volume":"9","author":"KC Kowalski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatric Exercise Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297102.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199710000-00011","article-title":"Measuring general levels of physical activity: preliminary evidence for the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children.","volume":"29","author":"PR Crocker","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref054","first-page":"175","article-title":"Determination of factors associated with physical activity levels among adolescents attending school in Kuantan, Malaysia.","volume":"17","author":"SP Dan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malays J Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref055","first-page":"109","article-title":"Sex and ethnic differentials in physical activity levels of adolescents in Kuantan","volume":"13","author":"SP Dan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Malaysian journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0297102.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8503","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228503","article-title":"Towards a Functional Approach to the Assessment of Daily Life Physical Activity in Children: Are the PAQ-C and Fitbit Flex-2 Technically Adequate?","volume":"17","author":"F Venetsanou","year":"2020","journal-title":"International journal of environmental research and public health"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref057","author":"World Education Network","year":"2023","journal-title":"Features of the Education System in Malaysia: World Education Network."},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref058","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Growth Reference 5\u201319 Years\u2014Application Tools. Geneva: 2014."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297102.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497","article-title":"Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents","volume":"85","author":"M de Onis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref060","volume-title":"Household income and basic amenities survey report by state and administrative district: Johor","author":"M. Department of Statistics","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref061","author":"The Vibes","year":"2022","journal-title":"School sessions to cease rotation system starting today: Radzi"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref062","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 17","author":"StataCorp","year":"2021"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297102.ref063","article-title":"Income Disparity and Mental Wellbeing among Adults in Semi-Urban and Rural Areas in Malaysia: The Mediating Role of Social Capital.","volume":"19","author":"MA Said","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref064","article-title":"A meta-analysis of accelerometer sleep outcomes in healthy children based on the Sadeh algorithm: the influence of child and device characteristics.","volume":"44","author":"JAMC van Kooten","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297102.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2019.06.016","article-title":"A data-driven, meaningful, easy to interpret, standardised accelerometer outcome variable for global surveillance.","volume":"22","author":"AV Rowlands","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Med Sport"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297102.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2211","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3181e1fba9","article-title":"Physical Activity in US Youth: Effect of Race\/Ethnicity, Age, Gender, and Weight Status.","volume":"42","author":"BR Belcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297102.ref067","first-page":"350","article-title":"Age and gender differences in objectively measured physical activity in youth. Medicine & Science in Sports &","volume":"34","author":"SG Trost","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exercise"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp176","article-title":"Ethnic and gender differences in physical activity levels among 9-10-year-old children of white European, South Asian and African-Caribbean origin: the Child Heart Health Study in England (CHASE Study).","volume":"38","author":"CG Owen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2014.07.001","article-title":"Association between self-reported physical activity and indicators of body composition in Malaysian adolescents.","volume":"67","author":"TT Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16040603","article-title":"Determinants of Diet and Physical Activity in Malaysian Adolescents: A Systematic Review.","volume":"16","author":"S Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815a51b3","article-title":"Physical activity in the United States measured by accelerometer.","volume":"40","author":"RP Troiano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"pone.0297102.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"05029","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.11.05029","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 movement restrictions on physical activity in a low-income semi-rural population in Malaysia: A longitudinal study.","volume":"11","author":"R Salway","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01290-4","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time among children and their parents in the UK before and after COVID-19 lockdowns: a natural experiment","volume":"19","author":"R Salway","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1186\/s12966-022-01299-9","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in objectively-measured physical activity and sedentary time among school-age children in Central Texas, US during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"19","author":"LA Ganzar","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx016","article-title":"The effects of Ramadan fasting on activity and energy expenditure","volume":"107","author":"N Lessan","year":"2018","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297102.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00825-x","article-title":"Impact of Ramadan on Physical Activity and Sleeping Patterns in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: The First Study Using Fitbit Device.","volume":"11","author":"AS Alghamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297102.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2019.1703301","article-title":"Non-wear or sleep? Evaluation of five non-wear detection algorithms for raw accelerometer data","volume":"38","author":"MN Ahmadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"pone.0297102.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S68","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e3182399e5b","article-title":"Best practices for using physical activity monitors in population-based research","volume":"44","author":"CE Matthews","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297102.ref079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1123\/jmpb.2019-0008","article-title":"A Method to Minimize Loss of Accelerometer Data to Improve Assessment of Device-Based Measurement of Physical Activity","volume":"2","author":"PS Freedson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal for the Measurement of Physical Behaviour"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T18:26:27Z","timestamp":1708453587000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297102"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Zulkarnain","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}