{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T11:25:03Z","timestamp":1793445903751,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study has been supported by the Consortium for Advanced Research Training in Africa (CARTA).","award":["CARTA is funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No. G-19-57145), Sida (Grant No. 54100113), the Uppsala Monitoring Centre, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), the Wellcome Trust [reference no. 107768\/Z\/15\/Z], and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, with support from the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training, and Science in Africa (DELTAS Africa) programme"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CARTA is funded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York (Grant No. G-19-57145), Sida (Grant No. 54100113), the Uppsala Monitoring Centre, the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (Norad), the Wellcome Trust [reference no. 107768\/Z\/15\/Z], and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, with support from the Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training, and Science in Africa (DELTAS Africa) programme"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The inadequate dietary diversity of pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries, including Rwanda, is rising and leading to macro and micronutrient deficiencies. The extent of dietary diversity and the factors contributing to it are unknown in Rwanda. This cross-sectional study, with 612 women who attended antenatal care services in Rwanda\u2019s Southern Province, identified determinants of dietary diversity among pregnant women. A multistage sampling scheme was used in which four districts were sampled, thereafter one urban and one rural health centre was sampled in each district and finally, a systematic sample of pregnant women was selected in each sampled health centre. Dietary diversity was measured using Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W), and multiple logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors associated with dietary diversity. Only 44.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) of [40.1%, 48.0%]) of participants had adequate dietary diversity. Approximately 95.4% of participants consumed grains, white roots, and tubers. The food groups that were the least consumed consisted of eggs (n = 99, 16.4%), as well as those consisting of milk and milk products (n = 112, 18.5%). The factors which were positively associated with dietary diversity were owning a radio (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.90 [95% CI 1.27, 2.85]), maternal education (aOR = 1.85 [95% CI 1.28, 2.65]), having a kitchen garden (aOR = 1.69 [95% CI 1.11, 2.57]) and nutrition knowledge score (aOR = 1.45 [95% CI 1.21, 1.74]) for a five-point increase in nutrition knowledge score. The factors negatively associated with dietary diversity include food insecurity, which reduced the odds of dietary diversity (aOR = 0.19 [0.07, 0.50]) per five-unit increase in food insecurity. Furthermore, the odds of adequate dietary diversity were lower among urban residents than rural residents (aOR = 0.69 [0.47, 1.03]). The household size was associated with dietary diversity with the odds of dietary diversity decreasing by 12% for a five-unit increase in household size (aOR = 0.88 [0.79; 0.99]). 23% had poor nutritional status, indicated by their mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC; &lt; 23 cm). Enhanced nutritional education is needed to improve the nutritional knowledge of this population with particular emphasis on the consumption of animal-source foods. Sensitisation activities promoting ownership of kitchen gardens and radios could improve dietary diversity among Rwanda\u2019s pregnant women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T13:48:33Z","timestamp":1708696113000},"page":"e0297112","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women in the Southern Province of Rwanda: A facility-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6256-2541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aline","family":"Uwase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Etienne","family":"Nsereko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirvana","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Levin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9890","key":"pone.0297112.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60996-4","article-title":"Evidence-based interventions for improvement of maternal and child nutrition: what can be done and at what cost?","volume":"382","author":"ZA Bhutta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0297112.ref002","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016","journal-title":"WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience"},{"key":"pone.0297112.ref003","author":"Republick of Rwanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rwanda National Food and Nutrition Policy"},{"issue":"102","key":"pone.0297112.ref004","first-page":"1","article-title":"Assessment of nutritional supplements prescribed in pregnant women and pediatric patients in Basaveshwara Teaching and General Hospital.","volume":"2","author":"V Sravani","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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