{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T01:10:47Z","timestamp":1791940247253,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100030906","name":"Bangladesh Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100030906","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene is implicated in hypertension vulnerability due to its role in regulating the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and blood pressure. In this case-control study, a carefully selected cohort of 111 hypertensive individuals and 100 healthy controls underwent serum analysis using HPLC to measure 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels. Polymorphic variations in the VDR gene were detected and characterized using the PCR-RFLP method. At first, lower 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were observed in hypertensive individuals compared to controls (p&lt;0.001). The genotype frequency of the VDR gene TaqI showed no significant difference between cases and controls (p&gt;0.05). Similarly, no significant difference was found in the VDR gene BsmI genotype frequency between hypertensive patients and controls (p&gt;0.05). However, a statistically significant distinction was observed in the VDR gene FokI genotype frequency between cases and controls (p&lt;0.01). The odds ratios for FokI genotypes (CC, CT, TT, and CT+TT) were 1.0, 0.590, 1.566, and 0.963, respectively. Furthermore, serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels were significantly higher in control subjects compared to hypertensive patients across all genotypes of VDR (p&lt;0.001). Hypertensive patients, excluding those with the FokI VDR gene CC genotype, exhibited significantly higher systolic blood pressure levels compared to the control group (p&lt;0.05). Similarly, hypertensive subjects displayed elevated diastolic blood pressure levels compared to the control group (p&lt;0.001). Overall, the results suggest the presence of a potential inverse correlation between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels and hypertension. The association analysis conducted indicated that there is no significant association between TaqI and bsmI genotypic variants and the risk of developing hypertension. However, it was observed that VDR gene polymorphisms do have a clear association with hypertension susceptibility, as evidenced by the significantly higher occurrence of FokI genotypic variants in hypertensive patients. Our study therefore introduces the possibility of utilizing 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency and VDR gene polymorphisms as a biomarker for hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T17:26:22Z","timestamp":1710437182000},"page":"e0297138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism rs2228570 (FokI) are associated with an increased susceptibility to hypertension among the Bangladeshi population"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Imrul Kayes","family":"Nabil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimam","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6810-4226","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sonia","family":"Tamanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2857-0369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md Mostafijur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gowhar","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Sarowar","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3662-2608","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Humaira Binte","family":"Asad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0088-0565","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohammad Amjad","family":"Kamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3175-8709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Md. Zakir Hossain","family":"Howlader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297138.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.01.009","article-title":"Global burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke: hypertension at the core","volume":"31","author":"D.T. Lackland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297138.ref002","first-page":"989","volume":"18","author":"I. Hernandorena","year":"2017","journal-title":"Treatment options and considerations for hypertensive patients to prevent dementia"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297138.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.148619","article-title":"Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and regulation of the renin-angiotensin system in humans","volume":"55","author":"J.P. Forman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297138.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-018-0087-5","article-title":"Epidemiology of hypertension among Bangladeshi adults using the 2017 ACC\/AHA Hypertension Clinical Practice Guidelines and Joint National Committee 7 Guidelines","volume":"32","author":"J.Y. Islam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Human Hypertension"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krause, R., et al., UV Irradiation and Blood Pressure\u2014the Role of Vitamin D in Essential Hypertension, in Biologic Effects of Light 1998: Proceedings of a Symposium Basel, Switzerland November 1\u20133, 1998, M.F. Holick and E.G. Jung, Editors. 1999, Springer US: Boston, MA. p. 249\u2013255.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-5051-8_42"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297138.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects","volume":"96","author":"S. Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref007","volume":"10","author":"R. Bouillon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vitamin D Binding Protein: A Historic Overview"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297138.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557033488204","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor as a drug discovery target","volume":"3","author":"K.V. Pinette","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0297138.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15741","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M011033200","article-title":"Cross-talk between 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Signaling Requires Binding of VDR and Smad3 Proteins to Their Cognate DNA Recognition Elements *","volume":"276","author":"N. Subramaniam","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297138.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0688","article-title":"Associations between vitamin D receptor genotypes and mortality in a cohort of older Dutch individuals","volume":"164","author":"R.T. de Jongh","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-080508-141248","article-title":"Vitamin D gene pathway polymorphisms and risk of colorectal, breast, and prostate cancer","volume":"29","author":"M.L. McCullough","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0297138.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(01)00406-3","article-title":"Functionally relevant polymorphisms in the human nuclear vitamin D receptor gene","volume":"177","author":"G.K. Whitfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297138.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgp103","article-title":"Review and meta-analysis on vitamin D receptor polymorphisms and cancer risk","volume":"30","author":"S. Raimondi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297138.ref014","first-page":"Rc06-10","article-title":"The Effect of Some Polymorphisms in Vitamin D Receptor Gene in Menopausal Women with Osteoporosis","volume":"10","author":"M. Dehghan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297138.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2016.17.2.479","article-title":"Do VDR Gene Polymorphisms Contribute to Breast Cancer?","volume":"17","author":"F. Shaikh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297138.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.3.0435","article-title":"The Polymorphic N Terminus in Human Vitamin D Receptor Isoforms Influences Transcriptional Activity by Modulating Interaction with Transcription Factor IIB","volume":"14","author":"P.W. Jurutka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Molecular Endocrinology"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metcalfe, C., Biostatistics: A Foundation for Analysis in the Health Sciences. 7th edn. Wayne W. Daniel, Wiley, 1999. No. of. pages: xiv+755+appendices. Price: \u00a328.95. ISBN 0-471-16386-4. 2001. 20(2): p. 324\u2013326.","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20010130)20:2<324::AID-SIM635>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref018","article-title":"Pratical Issues in Calculating the Sample Size for Prevalence Studies","volume":"1","author":"L. Naing","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Orofacial Sciences"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0297138.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053","article-title":"World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects","volume":"310","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jama"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297138.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1373\/49.9.1521","article-title":"Determination of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in Serum by HPLC and Immunoassay","volume":"49","author":"U. Turpeinen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297138.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1093\/ps\/86.1.102","article-title":"An inexpensive, simple protocol for DNA isolation from blood for high-throughput genotyping by polymerase chain reaction or restriction endonuclease digestion","volume":"86","author":"S.M. Bailes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2018.12.003","article-title":"Association of ATP binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA 1) gene polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Bangladeshi population","volume":"688","author":"M.M. Hasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297138.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.12.032","article-title":"Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes in Egyptian children","volume":"536","author":"S.H. Abd-Allah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gene"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297138.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.11.1159","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and the serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"167","author":"D. Martins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297138.ref025","first-page":"828","volume":"52","author":"J.P. Forman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Risk of Incident Hypertension Among Young Women"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297138.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2010.00408.x","article-title":"25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and hypertension rates","volume":"13","author":"S.K. Bhandari","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297138.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2084","article-title":"Vitamin D status in relation to glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes in septuagenarians","volume":"34","author":"C. Dalg\u00e5rd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297138.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-6866.92104","article-title":"Risk conferred by FokI polymorphism of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene for essential hypertension","volume":"17","author":"N. Swapna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Hum Genet"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2350-14-2","article-title":"Epistatic study reveals two genetic interactions in blood pressure regulation","volume":"14","author":"N.C. Ndiaye","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Genet"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297138.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00016","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and 25-hydroxyvitamin D on blood pressure in apparently healthy subjects","volume":"21","author":"S. Muray","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0297138.ref031","first-page":"8686","volume":"23","author":"P. Gonz\u00e1lez Rojo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vitamin D-Related Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as Risk Biomarker of Cardiovascular Disease"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297138.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0480-8","article-title":"A prospective study of plasma vitamin D metabolites, vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, and risk of hypertension in men","volume":"52","author":"L. Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297138.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12386","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor genetic polymorphism is significantly associated with decreased risk of hypertension in a Chinese Han population","volume":"16","author":"J. Jia","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S111538","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene TaqI and Apal polymorphisms and steroid responsiveness in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome","volume":"9","author":"A.A. Al-Eisa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genrep.2022.101564","article-title":"The association of VDR (Fok I and Bsm I) and MTHFR (C677T) polymorphisms with ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"M. Jahromi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene Reports"},{"key":"pone.0297138.ref036","first-page":"2349","volume":"73","author":"O.A. Obukhova","year":"2020","journal-title":"THE ASSOCIASON OF VITAMIN D RECEPTOR GENE (VDR) POLYMORPHISMS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE IN STROKE PATIENTS OF UKRAINIAN POPULATION"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297138.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2015.08.009","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and essential hypertension","volume":"9","author":"S. Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297138.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000497","article-title":"Association of vitamin D deficiency with arterial stiffness in newly diagnosed hypertension","volume":"26","author":"S. Cakal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]],"date-time":"2024-03-14T17:26:53Z","timestamp":1710437213000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297138"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Maugeri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297138","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,14]]}}}