{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T15:24:44Z","timestamp":1767713084141,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac MRI is a crucial tool for assessing congenital heart disease (CHD). However, its application remains challenging in young children when performed at 3T. The aim of this retrospective single center study was to compare a non-contrast free-breathing 2D CINE T1-weighted TFE-sequence with compressed sensing (FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE) with 3D imaging for diagnostic accuracy of CHD, image quality, and vessel diameter measurements in sedated young children. FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE was compared with a 3D non-contrast whole-heart sequence (3D WH) and 3D contrast-enhanced MR angiography (3D CE-MRA) at 3T in 37 CHD patients (20\u2642, 1.5\u00b11.4 years). Two radiologists independently assessed image quality, type of CHD, and diagnostic confidence. Diameters and measures of contrast and sharpness of the aorta and pulmonary vessels were determined. A non-parametric multi-factorial approach was used to estimate diagnostic accuracy for the diagnosis of CHD. Linear mixed models were calculated to compare contrast and vessel sharpness. Krippendorff\u2019s alpha was determined to quantify vessel diameter agreement. FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE was rated superior regarding image quality, diagnostic confidence, and diagnostic sensitivity for both intra- and extracardiac pathologies compared to 3D WH and 3D CE-MRA (all p&lt;0.05). FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE showed superior contrast and vessel sharpness (p&lt;0.001) resulting in the highest proportion of measurable vessels (740\/740; 100%), compared to 3D WH (530\/620; 85.5%) and 3D CE-MRA (540\/560; 96.4%). Regarding vessel diameter measurements, FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE revealed the closest inter-reader agreement (Krippendorff\u2019s alpha: 0.94\u20130.96; 3D WH: 0.78\u20130.94; 3D CE-MRA: 0.76\u20130.93). FB 2D CINE CS T1-TFE demonstrates robustness at 3T and delivers high-quality diagnostic results to assess CHD in sedated young children. Its ability to function without contrast injection and respiratory compensation enhances ease of use and could encourage widespread adoption in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T18:45:56Z","timestamp":1707417956000},"page":"e0297314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-contrast free-breathing 2D CINE compressed SENSE T1-TFE cardiovascular MRI at 3T in sedated young children for assessment of congenital heart disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3032-2321","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Inka","family":"Ristow","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caroline-Viktoria","family":"Hancken-Pauschinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1463-0885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maria","family":"Stark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael G.","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carsten","family":"Rickers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0329-4863","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jochen","family":"Herrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Adam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Bannas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lennart","family":"Well","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julius Matthias","family":"Weinrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0297314.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz009","article-title":"Global birth prevalence of congenital heart defects 1970\u20132017: updated systematic review and meta-analysis of 260 studies.","volume":"48","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020375","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.020375","article-title":"Time Trends in Simple Congenital Heart Disease Over 39 Years: A Danish Nationwide Study.","volume":"10","author":"M El-Chouli","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-15-51","article-title":"Guidelines and protocols for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in children and adults with congenital heart disease: SCMR expert consensus group on congenital heart disease","volume":"15","author":"S Fratz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jew172","article-title":"Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital heart disease: an expert consensus document from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography","volume":"17","author":"J Simpson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcad.2018.11.004","article-title":"Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease.","volume":"61","author":"G Mcleod","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.06.015","article-title":"Preoperative evaluation of anomalous pulmonary venous connection using dual-source computed tomography: Comparison with echocardiography.","volume":"94","author":"L Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.22745","article-title":"Pediatric Cardiac CT and MRI: Considerations for the General Radiologist.","volume":"215","author":"NW DiGeorge","year":"2020","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref008","first-page":"475","article-title":"Computed Tomography Imaging in Patients with Congenital Heart Disease Part I: Rationale and Utility.","volume":"9","author":"BK Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"An Expert Consensus Document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography (SCCT): Endorsed by the Society of Pediatric Radiology (SPR) and the North American Society of Cardiac Imaging (NASCI). J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1258\/ar.2012.120452","article-title":"Current trends in cardiac ct in children","volume":"54","author":"HW Goo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-022-09162-y","article-title":"Assessment of aortic diameter in Marfan patients: intraindividual comparison of 3D-Dixon and 2D-SSFP magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"33","author":"F Wright","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3457-6","article-title":"Exact monitoring of aortic diameters in Marfan patients without gadolinium contrast: intraindividual comparison of 2D SSFP imaging with 3D CEMRA and echocardiography.","volume":"25","author":"S Veldhoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.12.041","article-title":"Assessment of aortic root dimensions in patients with suspected Marfan syndrome: Intraindividual comparison of contrast-enhanced and non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography with echocardiography.","volume":"167","author":"P Bannas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0914-3321","article-title":"Current and Emerging Imaging Techniques in Patients with Genetic Aortic Syndromes.","volume":"192","author":"JM Weinrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"RoFo"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2011.01.071","article-title":"Accuracy of thoracic aortic measurements assessed by contrast enhanced and unenhanced magnetic resonance imaging.","volume":"81","author":"M Groth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa554","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease","volume":"42","author":"H Baumgartner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3067-0","article-title":"Advances in cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of congenital heart disease","volume":"45","author":"MMP Driessen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2020190110","article-title":"Gadolinium deposition and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: A radiologist\u2019s primer.","volume":"40","author":"M Mathur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951103000957","article-title":"Three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging of congenital cardiac anomalies.","volume":"13","author":"RS Razavi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cardiol Young."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000134282.35183.AD","article-title":"Operator-independent isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for morphology in congenital heart disease: A validation study","volume":"110","author":"TS S\u00f8rensen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.04.053","article-title":"Intraindividual comparison of 1.5 T and 3 T non-contrast MR angiography for monitoring of aortic root diameters in Marfan patients.","volume":"337","author":"M Avanesov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297314.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-011-2115-2","article-title":"Sedation and anesthesia issues in pediatric imaging.","volume":"41","author":"TL Slovis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27067","article-title":"Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Thoracic Vasculature: Technique and Applications","volume":"52","author":"DR Ludwig","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s10334-016-0550-7","article-title":"Coronary MR angiography at 3T: fat suppression versus water-fat separation.","volume":"29","author":"M Nezafat","year":"2016","journal-title":"MAGMA"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2019.08.017","article-title":"Freebreathing non-contrast-enhanced flow-independent MR angiography using magnetization-prepared 3D non-balanced dual-echo Dixon method: A feasibility study at 3 Tesla","volume":"63","author":"M Yoneyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejro.2020.100238","article-title":"REACT\u2013A novel flow-independent non-gated non-contrast MR angiography technique using magnetizationprepared 3D non-balanced dual-echo dixon method: Preliminary clinical experience.","volume":"7","author":"EJ Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol Open"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2019.108675","article-title":"Camera-based respiratory triggering improves the image quality of 3D magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography.","volume":"120","author":"F Harder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.21987","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in real time: Advances using radial FLASH","volume":"31","author":"S Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1532-429X-12-39","article-title":"Real-time cardiovascular magnetic resonance at high temporal resolution: radial FLASH with nonlinear inverse reconstruction.","volume":"12","author":"S Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s00062-021-01112-3","article-title":"Compressed SENSE in Pediatric Brain Tumor MR Imaging: Assessment of Image Quality, Examination Time and Energy Release.","volume":"32","author":"RL Meister","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Neuroradiol."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6717","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6717","article-title":"Use of 3\u00c5~2 tables with an intention to diagnose approach to assess clinical performance of diagnostic tests: metanalytical evaluation of coronary CT angiography studies","volume":"345","author":"GM Schuetz","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-017-0394-y","article-title":"Non-contrast MR angiography at 1.5 Tesla for aortic monitoring in Marfan patients after aortic root surgery","volume":"19","author":"S Veldhoen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27641","article-title":"One-Minute Multi-contrast Echo Planar Brain MRI in Ischemic Stroke: A Retrospective Observational Study of Diagnostic Performance","volume":"54","author":"A Kits","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis.","volume":"9","author":"CA Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Methods."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref034","article-title":"Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP).","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2009","journal-title":"Guideline on clinical evaluation of diagnostic agents."},{"journal-title":"Statistical Guidance on Reporting Results from Studies Evaluating Diagnostic Tests\u2014Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff | FDA","year":"2007","key":"pone.0297314.ref035"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing.","year":"2020","author":"R Core Team","key":"pone.0297314.ref036"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118596333.ch28","volume-title":"Methods and Applications of Statistics in Clinical Trials, Volume 2: Planning, Analysis, and Inferential Methods","author":"E Brunner","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0200-9","article-title":"Measuring inter-rater reliability for nominal data\u2014Which coefficients and confidence intervals are appropriate?","volume":"16","author":"A Zapf","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13","article-title":"lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models.","volume":"82","author":"A Kuznetsova","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Stat Softw."},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref040","article-title":"emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means.","author":"RV Lenth","year":"2022","journal-title":"R package version 1.7.2"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.188.3.8351346","article-title":"Thoracic cardiovascular anomalies in children: evaluation with a fast gradient-recalled-echo sequence with cardiac-triggered segmented acquisition.","volume":"188","author":"RJ Hernandez","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref042","article-title":"Rapid NMR imaging of dynamic processes using the FLASH technique","author":"J Frahm","year":"1986","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00788-3","article-title":"Freebreathing non-contrast flow-independent cardiovascular magnetic resonance angiography using cardiac gated, magnetization-prepared 3D Dixon method: assessment of thoracic vasculature in congenital heart disease","volume":"23","author":"A Isaak","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-021-00810-8","article-title":"Free-breathing high resolution modified Dixon steady-state angiography with compressed sensing for the assessment of the thoracic vasculature in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease","volume":"23","author":"N Mesropyan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-019-0554-3","article-title":"MDixon ECG-gated 3-dimensional cardiovascular magnetic resonance angiography in patients with congenital cardiovascular disease.","volume":"21","author":"S Kourtidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2016.12.021","article-title":"Free breathing whole-heart 3D CINE MRI with self-gated Cartesian trajectory","volume":"38","author":"M Usman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2022.09.003","article-title":"Non-contrast free-breathing whole-heart 3D cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance with a novel 3D radial leaf trajectory","volume":"94","author":"L Braunstorfer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.27399","article-title":"Black-Blood Contrast in Cardiovascular MRI","volume":"55","author":"M Henningsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.26815","article-title":"Simultaneous bright- and black-blood whole-heart MRI for noncontrast enhanced coronary lumen and thrombus visualization","volume":"79","author":"G Ginami","year":"2018","journal-title":"Magn Reson Med"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1148\/ryct.220146","article-title":"Free-breathing, Contrast Agent\u2013free Whole-Heart MTC-BOOST Imaging: Single-Center Validation Study in Adult Congenital Heart Disease.","volume":"5","author":"A Fotaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging"},{"key":"pone.0297314.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12968-018-0508-1","article-title":"Feasibility of 3D black-blood variable refocusing angle fast spin echo cardiovascular magnetic resonance for visualization of the whole heart and great vessels in congenital heart disease","volume":"20","author":"M Henningsson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Magn Reson"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297314","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T18:46:18Z","timestamp":1707417978000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297314"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Faggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297314","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]}}}