{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:39:08Z","timestamp":1770338348929,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711670400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1094816"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1094816"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In alignment with the Measles and Rubella (MR) Strategic Elimination plan, India conducted a mass measles and rubella vaccination campaign across the country between 2017 and 2020 to provide a dose of MR containing vaccine to all children aged 9 months to 15 years. We estimated campaign vaccination coverage in five districts in India and assessed campaign awareness and factors associated with vaccination during the campaign to better understand reasons for not receiving the dose.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods and findings<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Community-based cross-sectional serosurveys were conducted in five districts of India among children aged 9 months to 15 years after the vaccination campaign. Campaign coverage was estimated based on home-based immunization record or caregiver recall. Campaign coverage was stratified by child- and household-level risk factors and descriptive analyses were performed to assess reasons for not receiving the campaign dose. Three thousand three hundred and fifty-seven children aged 9 months to 15 years at the time of the campaign were enrolled. Campaign coverage among children aged 9 months to 5 years documented or by recall ranged from 74.2% in Kanpur Nagar District to 90.4% in Dibrugarh District, Assam. Similar coverage was observed for older children. Caregiver awareness of the campaign varied from 88.3% in Hoshiarpur District, Punjab to 97.6% in Dibrugarh District, Assam, although 8% of children whose caregivers were aware of the campaign were not vaccinated during the campaign. Failure to receive the campaign dose was associated with urban settings, low maternal education, and lack of school attendance although the associations varied by district.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Awareness of the MR vaccination campaign was high; however, campaign coverage varied by district and did not reach the elimination target of 95% coverage in any of the districts studied. Areas with lower coverage among younger children must be prioritized by strengthening the routine immunization programme and implementing strategies to identify and reach under-vaccinated children.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]],"date-time":"2024-03-29T17:27:35Z","timestamp":1711733255000},"page":"e0297385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Post-campaign coverage evaluation of a measles and rubella supplementary immunization activity in five districts in India, 2019\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jeromie Wesley Vivian","family":"Thangaraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Prosperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muthusamy Santhosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5665-2372","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alvira Z.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V. 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Sudha","family":"Rani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Kanagasabai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Lachyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Gawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitali","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saurabh Kumar","family":"Chonker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucky","family":"Sangal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanjay M.","family":"Mehendale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gajanan N.","family":"Sapkal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-2313","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyla","family":"Hayford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-3513","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"William J.","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manoj V.","family":"Murherkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0297385.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization South-East Asia. SEA Region Measles and Rubella Quarterly update Jul-Sep 2021 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/SEAR-MR-Bulletin-Q3-2021."},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization South-East Asia. Strategic plan for measles and rubella elimination in WHO South-East Asia Region: 2020\u20132024 2020 [Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/southeastasia\/publications-detail\/strategic-plan-for-measles-and-rubella-elimination-in-who-south-east-asia-region-2020-2024."},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref003","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. National operational guidelines for introduction of measles-rubella vaccine 2017 2017 [Available from: https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/195431585071489665073.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref004","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. Measles Supplementary Immunization Action Activity (2010\u201313) 2010 [Available from: https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/59003345921419595239.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref005","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India. National Immunization Schedule (NIS) for Infants, Children and Pregnant Women 2022 2022 [Available from: https:\/\/main.mohfw.gov.in\/sites\/default\/files\/245453521061489663873.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297385.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4103\/ijph.IJPH_361_19","article-title":"Evaluation of vaccination coverage of measles-rubella campaign in Imphal East District, Manipur: A cross-sectional study","volume":"64","author":"B Rajkumari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297385.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_319_19","article-title":"Coverage survey of Measles-Rubella mass vaccination campaign in a rural area in Tamil Nadu","volume":"8","author":"Priyadharshini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297385.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.4103\/jpgm.JPGM_249_17","article-title":"Social capital, trust in health information, and acceptance of Measles-Rubella vaccination campaign in Tamil Nadu: A case-control study","volume":"64","author":"B Palanisamy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297385.ref009","first-page":"5261","article-title":"Status of coverage of MR vaccination, after supplementary immunization activities in a rural area of South India: a rapid immunization coverage survey","volume":"19","author":"A Newtonraj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297385.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/daac116","article-title":"Communication lessons learned from the 2017 measles-rubella campaign in India: perspectives from vaccine decision-makers","volume":"37","author":"RJ Limaye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Promot Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297385.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_73_19","article-title":"Drivers and barriers for measles rubella vaccination campaign: A qualitative study","volume":"8","author":"VK Krishnendhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297385.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_790_19","article-title":"Factors related to vaccine hesitancy during the implementation of Measles-Rubella campaign 2017 in rural Puducherry-A mixed-method study","volume":"8","author":"Y Krishnamoorthy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297385.ref013","first-page":"421","article-title":"Media and Measles-Rubella Vaccination Campaign \u2010 Musings from Pondicherry","volume":"54","author":"A Bethou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297385.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_236_18","article-title":"Influence of Sociodemographic Factors in Measles-Rubella Campaign Compared with Routine Immunization at Mysore City","volume":"44","author":"P Joe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref015","first-page":"2018","author":"MV Murhekar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Measles and rubella seroprevalence to evaluate the impact of the mass vaccination campaigns in India: Pre-and post- cross-sectional household serosurveys in four Indian districts"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297385.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.11.010","article-title":"Added value of the measles-rubella supplementary immunization activity in reaching unvaccinated and under-vaccinated children, a cross-sectional study in five Indian districts, 2018\u201320","volume":"41","author":"C Prosperi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref017","volume-title":"World Health Organization vaccination coverage cluster surveys: reference manual","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0297385.ref018","unstructured":"Ministry of Women and Development Government of India. 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