{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:13:48Z","timestamp":1793236428597,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-associated pneumocystosis (HAP) is poorly described on a worldwide scale. We searched related databases between January 2000 and December 2022 for studies reporting HAP. Meta-analysis was performed using StatsDirect (version 2.7.9) and STATA (version 17) according to the random-effects model for DerSimonian and Laird method and<jats:italic>metan<\/jats:italic>and<jats:italic>metaprop<\/jats:italic>commands, respectively. Twenty-nine studies with 38554 HIV-positive, 79893 HIV-negative, and 4044 HAP populations were included. The pooled prevalence of HAP was 35.4% (95% CI 23.8 to 47.9). In contrast, the pooled prevalence of PCP among HIV-negative patients was 10.16% (95% CI 2 to 25.3). HIV-positive patients are almost 12 times more susceptible to PCP than the HIV-negative population (OR: 11.710; 95% CI: 5.420 to 25.297). The mortality among HAP patients was 52% higher than non-PCP patients (OR 1.522; 95% CI 0.959 to 2.416). HIV-positive men had a 7% higher chance rate for PCP than women (OR 1.073; 95% CI 0.674 to 1.706). Prophylactic (OR: 6.191; 95% CI: 0.945 to 40.545) and antiretroviral therapy (OR 3.356; 95% CI 0.785 to 14.349) were used in HAP patients six and three times more than HIV-positive PCP-negatives, respectively. The control and management strategies should revise and updated by health policy-makers on a worldwide scale. Finally, for better management and understanding of the epidemiology and characteristics of this coinfection, designing further studies is recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T17:31:28Z","timestamp":1711387888000},"page":"e0297619","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Global prevalence, mortality, and main characteristics of HIV-associated pneumocystosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1202-6147","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Ahmadpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sevda","family":"Valilou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ali","family":"Ghanizadegan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rouhollah","family":"Seyfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Abdollah","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kareem","family":"Hatam-Nahavandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanieh","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Behravan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Barac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3569-0035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hamid","family":"Morovati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297619.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2020.03.006","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii","volume":"28","author":"G Nevez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297619.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2021.1915989","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii: a review with a focus on prevention and treatment","volume":"22","author":"RB Weyant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297619.ref003","first-page":"783","article-title":"Outbreak-causing fungi: Pneumocystis jirovecii","volume":"185","author":"S Delli\u00e8re","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297619.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2019.1671823","article-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia in the twenty-first century: HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected patients","volume":"17","author":"C Cill\u00f3niz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297619.ref005","first-page":"219","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in developing countries. 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