{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:44:49Z","timestamp":1772750689821,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1A2C2092038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2092038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRF-2022M3A9G1014007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3A9G1014007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-0021971031482092640001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-0021971031482092640001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K_G012002572001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K_G012002572001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to compare the development of pronunciation in South Korean preschoolers with unilateral cochlear nerve deficiency (CND) to that of age-matched preschoolers with normal hearing, a topic that has not been explored previously. In a retrospective analysis, 25 preschoolers with unilateral CND who had undergone a speech evaluation battery, including a pronunciation and vocabulary test, were enrolled. Utilizing the Urimal Test of Articulation and Phonation and customized language ability tests, pronunciation and vocabulary were assessed. The subjects\u2019 speech evaluation scores were converted into age-adjusted z-scores using normal controls\u2019 data. While vocabulary performance was within normal limits, their average pronunciation z-score was -2.90, significantly lower than both the zero reference point and their vocabulary z-scores. None of the subjects scored above average in pronunciation. Thirteen patients were recommended for articulation therapy, seven were considered as potential candidates for this therapy, and the remaining five were within normal limits. There was no observed correlation between the development of pronunciation and vocabulary. Notably, some subjects\u2019 pronunciation scores did not improve, even after serial follow-up during their preschool years. Despite typical vocabulary development, preschoolers with unilateral CND exhibit significant delays in pronunciation. These findings emphasize the necessity for vigilant monitoring of their language development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297640","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:28:56Z","timestamp":1708712936000},"page":"e0297640","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparing pronunciation challenges in South Korean preschoolers with unilateral single-sided deafness due to cochlear nerve deficiency to a norm-referenced standard"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3839-2324","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Goun","family":"Choe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Woo","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyun Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marge","family":"Carandang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bong Jik","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5125-2118","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Byung Yoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297640.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813487681","article-title":"Unilateral cochlear nerve deficiency in children","volume":"149","author":"CS Clemmens","year":"2013","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"sup565","key":"pone.0297640.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1080\/00016489.2017.1300321","article-title":"Etiology of single-sided deafness and asymmetrical hearing loss","volume":"137","author":"SI Usami","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297640.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/00003446-198602000-00006","article-title":"A comparison of unilaterally hearing-impaired children and normal-hearing children on a battery of standardized language tests","volume":"7","author":"TM Klee","year":"1986","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297640.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1348","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-2448","article-title":"Unilateral hearing loss is associated with worse speech-language scores in children","volume":"125","author":"JE Lieu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297640.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23454","article-title":"Longitudinal study of children with unilateral hearing loss","volume":"122","author":"JE Lieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297640.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.74.2.206","article-title":"Unilateral hearing impairment in children","volume":"74","author":"FH Bess","year":"1984","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297640.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.12826","article-title":"Single-sided deafness affects language and auditory development\u2014a case-control study","volume":"42","author":"A Sangen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Otolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0297640.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2018.03.015","article-title":"Auditory and language outcomes in children with unilateral hearing loss","volume":"372","author":"EM Fitzpatrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297640.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000000997","article-title":"Cochlear Implant Outcomes in Cochlea Nerve Aplasia and Hypoplasia","volume":"37","author":"CS Birman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Otol Neurotol"},{"key":"pone.0297640.ref010","unstructured":"Kim YT, Shin MJ. 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