{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:08:07Z","timestamp":1793333287463,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Key R & D Program of Hainan Province","award":["ZDYF2021XDNY176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDYF2021XDNY176"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of phytosterols (PS) and phytosterol esters (PSE) on C<jats:sub>57<\/jats:sub>BL\/<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> mice. Three groups of 34 six-week-old C<jats:sub>57<\/jats:sub>BL\/<jats:sub>6<\/jats:sub> mice of specific pathogen free (SPF) grade, with an average initial body weight (IBW) of 17.7g, were fed for 24 days either natural-ingredient diets without supplements or diets supplemented with 89 mg\/kg PS or diets supplemented with 400 mg\/kg PSE. Growth performance, blood biochemistry, liver and colon morphology as well as intestinal flora status were evaluated. Both PS and PSE exhibited growth promotion and feed digestibility in mice. In blood biochemistry, the addition of both PS and PSE to the diet resulted in a significant decrease in Total Cholesterol (TC) and Triglyceride (TG) levels and an increase in Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity. No significant changes in liver and intestinal morphology were observed. Both increased the level of Akkermansia in the intestinal tract of mice. There was no significant difference between the effects of PS and PSE. It was concluded that dietary PS and PSE supplementation could improve growth performance, immune performance and gut microbiome structure in mice, providing insights into its application as a potential feed additive in animals production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297788","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:28:11Z","timestamp":1715707691000},"page":"e0297788","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of dietary phytosterols or phytosterol esters supplementation on growth performance, biochemical blood indices and intestinal flora of C57BL\/6 mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9468-1369","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Wenxin","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunchun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yubo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qixin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8699-1885","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Lichun","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297788.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.10.006","article-title":"Phytosterols: Applications and recovery methods","volume":"98","author":"P Fernandes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresource Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297788.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.23.525","article-title":"Highly Efficient Synthesis of Phytosterol Linolenate Catalyzed by Candida Rugosa Lipase through Transesterification","volume":"23","author":"W-S He","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Science and Technology Research"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2014.03.021","article-title":"Effects of \u03b2-sitosterol oral administration on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells","volume":"8","author":"A Hamedi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.07.047","article-title":"A novel chemo-enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives","volume":"192","author":"W-S He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297788.ref005","first-page":"301","article-title":"Role of phytosterols in lipid-lowering: current perspectives. QJM","volume":"104","author":"AK Gupta","year":"2011","journal-title":"An International Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2012.11.032","article-title":"Preparation of phytosterols and phytol from edible marine algae by microwave-assisted extraction and high-speed counter-current chromatography","volume":"104","author":"X-H Xiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Separation and Purification Technology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297788.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110758","article-title":"Protective Role of Plant Sterol and Stanol Esters in Liver Inflammation: Insights from Mice and Humans","volume":"9","author":"J Plat","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297788.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2070652","article-title":"Health Benefits of Nut Consumption","volume":"2","author":"E. Ros","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297788.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1021\/jf204465j","article-title":"Oral Ingestion of Aloe vera Phytosterols Alters Hepatic Gene Expression Profiles and Ameliorates Obesity-Associated Metabolic Disorders in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats","volume":"60","author":"E Misawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.06.026","article-title":"New insights into the molecular actions of plant sterols and stanols in cholesterol metabolism","volume":"203","author":"L Calpe-Berdiel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297788.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e110758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0110758","article-title":"Protective Role of Plant Sterol and Stanol Esters in Liver Inflammation: Insights from Mice and Humans","volume":"9","author":"J Plat","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0039-8","article-title":"Plant sterols lower LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in dyslipidemic individuals with or at risk of developing type 2 diabetes; a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"8","author":"EA Trautwein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrition & Diabetes"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2006.02.017","article-title":"Campest-5-en-3-one, an oxidized derivative of campesterol, activates PPAR\u03b1, promotes energy consumption and reduces visceral fat deposition in rats","volume":"1760","author":"I Ikeda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014General Subjects"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297788.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2011.01.002","article-title":"Aloe vera phytosterols act as ligands for PPAR and improve the expression levels of PPAR target genes in the livers of mice with diet-induced obesity","volume":"5","author":"K Nomaguchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obesity Research & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"41","key":"pone.0297788.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16072","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1506-13.2013","article-title":"Plant Sterols the Better Cholesterol in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease? A Mechanistical Study","volume":"33","author":"VK Burg","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297788.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7965","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7095374","article-title":"Phytosterols, Phytostanols, and Lipoprotein Metabolism","volume":"7","author":"H Gylling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297788.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.04.009","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of phytosteryl docosahexaneates and evaluation of their anti-atherogenic effects in apo-E deficient mice","volume":"134","author":"Z Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-014-1339-6","article-title":"Enzymatic synthesis of phytosterol esters catalyzed by Candida rugosa lipase in water-in-[Bmim]PF6 microemulsion","volume":"38","author":"C Zeng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297788.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-015-1469-5","article-title":"Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil and phytosterol in supercritical CO2","volume":"38","author":"L Hu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2016.05.083","article-title":"Immobilization of Yarrowia lipolytica lipase Ylip2 for the biocatalytic synthesis of phytosterol ester in a water activity controlled reactor","volume":"146","author":"C Cui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297788.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.207662","article-title":"Dietary plant sterol esters must be hydrolyzed to reduce intestinal cholesterol absorption in hamsters","volume":"145","author":"TJ Carden","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01570A","article-title":"The regulatory effects of phytosterol esters (PSEs) on gut flora and faecal metabolites in rats with NAFLD","volume":"11","author":"L Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food & Function"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref023","first-page":"135","article-title":"Effect of maternal dietary supplementation with phytosterol esters on muscle development of broiler offspring","volume":"67","author":"L Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2007.03322.x","article-title":"Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine","volume":"102","author":"P Louis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Microbiology"},{"issue":"6086","key":"pone.0297788.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223813","article-title":"Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions","volume":"336","author":"JK Nicholson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297788.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101096","article-title":"Effects of phytosterol supplementation on growth performance, serum lipid, proinflammatory cytokines, intestinal morphology, and meat quality of white feather broilers","volume":"100","author":"XQ Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2021.2000895","article-title":"Effects of dietary phytosterols supplementation on serum parameters, nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme of white feather broilers","volume":"20","author":"C Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Animal Science"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297788.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14811","article-title":"The glucose tolerance test in mice: Sex, drugs and protocol","volume":"24","author":"MR Kennard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297788.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10020185","article-title":"Effects of Fermented Tea Residue on Fattening Performance, Meat Quality, Digestive Performance, Serum Antioxidant Capacity, and Intestinal Morphology in Fatteners","volume":"10","author":"X Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0297788.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297916080046","article-title":"Plant sterols: Diversity, biosynthesis, and physiological functions","volume":"81","author":"JN Valitova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Moscow)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297788.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.4.767","article-title":"Plant Stanol Esters Affect Serum Cholesterol Concentrations of Hypercholesterolemic Men and Women in a Dose-dependent Manner","volume":"130","author":"MA Hallikainen","year":"2000","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0297788.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rec.2014.07.035","article-title":"Long-term Effects of Plant Stanols on the Lipid Profile of Patients With Hypercholesterolemia. A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"68","author":"I P\u00e1rraga-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Cardiolog\u00eda (English Edition)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297788.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2018.08.004","article-title":"Intake of stigmasterol and \u03b2-sitosterol alters lipid metabolism and alleviates NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat western-style diet","volume":"1863","author":"S Feng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)\u2014Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-011-0297-x","article-title":"The effect of plant sterols on serum triglyceride concentrations is dependent on baseline concentrations: a pooled analysis of 12 randomised controlled trials","volume":"52","author":"I Demonty","year":"2013","journal-title":"European Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref035","first-page":"9","article-title":"Improved Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in the Early Life of Female Offspring by Maternal Dietary Genistein Is Associated With Alterations in the Gut Microbiota","author":"L Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297788.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103197","article-title":"A High-Fat Diet Increases Gut Microbiota Biodiversity and Energy Expenditure Due to Nutrient Difference","volume":"12","author":"B Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297788.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.060366","article-title":"CXCL1\/KC and CXCL2\/MIP-2 Are Critical Effectors and Potential Targets for Therapy of Escherichia coli O157:H7-Associated Renal Inflammation","volume":"170","author":"JK Roche","year":"2007","journal-title":"The American Journal of Pathology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297788.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006060634","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 ligation on intrinsic renal cells contributes to the induction of antibody-mediated glomerulonephritis via CXCL1 and CXCL2","volume":"18","author":"HJ Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2008.08.010","article-title":"Expression and regulation of chemokines in mycobacterial infection","volume":"57","author":"P M\u00e9ndez-Samperio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Infection"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297788.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6214","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903843","article-title":"CXCL1 Regulates Pulmonary Host Defense to Klebsiella Infection via CXCL2, CXCL5, NF-\u03baB, and MAPKs","volume":"185","author":"S Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0297788.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4930","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-02-486217","article-title":"Mast cell and macrophage chemokines CXCL1\/CXCL2 control the early stage of neutrophil recruitment during tissue inflammation","volume":"121","author":"K De Filippo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700129","article-title":"CXCL1 and CXCL2 Regulate NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation via G-Protein\u2013Coupled Receptor CXCR2","volume":"199","author":"M Boro","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Immunology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297788.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.41","article-title":"Secretory IgA\u2019s complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut","volume":"4","author":"NJ Mantis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunology"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3492","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.59.10.3492-3497.1991","article-title":"Interaction of a salivary mucin-secretory immunoglobulin A complex with mucosal pathogens","volume":"59","author":"AR Biesbrock","year":"1991","journal-title":"Infection and Immunity"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297788.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.9b00109","article-title":"Modeling Barrier Properties of Intestinal Mucus Reinforced with IgG and Secretory IgA against Motile Bacteria","volume":"5","author":"F Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Infectious Diseases"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510000176","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition is associated with body weight, weight gain and biochemical parameters in pregnant women","volume":"104","author":"A Santacruz","year":"2010","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297788.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2012.110","article-title":"The Microbiota of the Gut in Preschool Children With Normal and Excessive Body Weight","volume":"20","author":"CLJ Karlsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0297788.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9066","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219451110","article-title":"Cross-talk between Akkermansia muciniphila and intestinal epithelium controls diet-induced obesity","volume":"110","author":"A Everard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0297788.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71108","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0071108","article-title":"Human gut microbiota changes reveal the progression of glucose intolerance","volume":"8","author":"X Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"pone.0297788.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173004","article-title":"Pili-like proteins of Akkermansia muciniphila modulate host immune responses and gut barrier function","volume":"12","author":"N Ottman","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297788.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159621","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01596-21","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila Ameliorates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Regulating Gut Microbial Composition and Metabolism","volume":"10","author":"J Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303839","article-title":"An increase in the Akkermansia spp. population induced by metformin treatment improves glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"63","author":"N-R Shin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297788.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.07.036","article-title":"Effects of phytosterols supplementation on growth performance and intestinal microflora of yellow-feather broilers","volume":"99","author":"X Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poultry Science"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0297788.ref054","first-page":"e00992","article-title":"Multiomic Analyses Reveal the Effects of Supplementing Phytosterols on the Metabolic Function of the Rumen Microbiota in Perinatal Cows","volume":"88","author":"D Lv","year":"2022","journal-title":"Applied and Environmental Microbiology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297788.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1600559","article-title":"Plant sterol-enriched margarines and reduction of plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations in normocholesterolaemic and mildly hypercholesterolaemic subjects","volume":"52","author":"JA Weststrate","year":"1998","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297788","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T17:28:47Z","timestamp":1715707727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297788"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Mastinu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297788","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]}}}