{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:54:36Z","timestamp":1777899276591,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anicura"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taurine deficiency predisposes to the development of nutritional dilated cardiomyopathy and is widespread in dogs fed with non-traditional diets. However, Golden retrievers show lower plasma taurine concentration and an impaired systolic function compared to breeds of the same size and morphotype. For these reasons, it can be difficult to classify a subject from a cardiological point of view, with the risk of considering as pathological characteristics that can be completely normal in this breed. This is a cross-sectional multicenter study. The aims were 1) to identify breed-specific range of serum taurine concentration, 2) to describe a correlation between serum taurine concentration and echocardiographic parameters of systolic function in clinically healthy Golden retrievers fed with traditional diet, 3) to identify a correlation between thyroid hormones, serum taurine concentration and echocardiographic indices. Sixty clinically healthy Golden retrievers (33% males, 67% females) were included. Fifty-three dogs were fed with traditional diets and their range of serum taurine concentration was 398.2 (31.8\u2013430) nmol\/ml. Serum taurine concentration was found to be negatively correlated to systolic internal diameter of the left ventricle and systolic and diastolic left ventricular indices and volumes obtained with different methods, whereas was positively correlated to the left ventricle ejection and shortening fractions but difference was not statistically significative. A weak but significant correlation between serum taurine and T4 was demonstrated. Serum taurine median values in dogs with normal systolic function were higher than in dogs with impaired systolic function. A cut-off of serum taurine concentration of 140.6 nmol\/ml had a moderate sensitivity and specificity in the identification of an impaired left ventricular systolic function (AUC 0.6, Se 78%, Sp 44%). This study showed that the median serum taurine concentration was significantly lower in dogs with impaired systolic function. Therefore, echocardiographic monitoring is recommended in all dogs with serum taurine concentration lower than 140.6 nmol\/ml.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297811","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T17:29:03Z","timestamp":1715880543000},"page":"e0297811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Study of correlations between serum taurine, thyroid hormones and echocardiographic parameters of systolic function in clinically healthy Golden retrievers fed with commercial diet"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-3796","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mara","family":"Bagardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ghilardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0020-8798","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Giulietta","family":"Minozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Fusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Locatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo Luigi","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Drago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Polli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Zanchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paola Giuseppina","family":"Brambilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297811.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1053\/tvjl.2001.0571","article-title":"Canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Part I: Aetiology, clinical characteristics, epidemiology and pathology","volume":"162","author":"A Tidholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Vet J."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297811.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2008.00659.x","article-title":"Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases.","volume":"50","author":"MWS Martin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Small Anim Pract."},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3616607","article-title":"Myocardial failure in cats associated with low plasma taurine: a reversible cardio-myopathy","volume":"237","author":"PD Pion","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2 Pt 1","key":"pone.0297811.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(91)90724-V","article-title":"Dietary taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in the fox","volume":"121","author":"NS Moise","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297811.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.253.11.1390","article-title":"Diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs: what do we know?","volume":"253","author":"LM Freeman","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0297811.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1616","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.2001.62.1616","article-title":"Effects of dietary fat and L-carnitine on plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations and cardiac function in healthy dogs fed protein-restricted diets","volume":"62","author":"SL Sanderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.02.001","article-title":"Association of diet with clinical outcomes in dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure","volume":"40","author":"AL Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297811.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.16397","article-title":"Prospective study of dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs eating nontraditional or traditional diets and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities","volume":"36","author":"L Freeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297811.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skaa155","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa155","article-title":"Review of canine dilated cardiomyopathy in the wake of diet-associated concerns","volume":"98","author":"SR McCauley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297811.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5326\/0410284","article-title":"Taurine-Deficient Dilated Cardiomyopathy in a Family of Golden Retrievers.","volume":"41","author":"MC B\u00e9langer","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Am Anim Hosp Assoc."},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref011","author":"Larry Glickman","journal-title":"The Golden Retriever Club of America National Health Survey 1998\u20131999."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297811.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2006.tb01803.x","article-title":"Heart disease as a cause of death in insured Swedish dogs younger than 10 years of age","volume":"20","author":"A Egenvall","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297811.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0209112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209112","article-title":"Taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers fed commercial diets.","volume":"13","author":"JL Kaplan","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297811.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0233206","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233206","article-title":"Development of plasma and whole blood taurine reference ranges and identification of dietary features associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy in golden retrievers: A prospective, observational study.","volume":"15","author":"ES Ontiveros","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0297811.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12212924","article-title":"Preliminary Data on Echocardiographic Evaluation and Serum Taurine Concentration in Healthy Dogs of Two Breeds (10 Golden Retrievers and 12 German Shorthaired Pointers) with Different Predispositions to Nutritional Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Pilot Study.","volume":"12","author":"M Bagardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)."},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0297811.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.145.17.481","article-title":"Epidemiological, clinical, haematological and biochemical characteristics of canine hypothyroidism","volume":"145","author":"RM Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297811.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1994.205.07.996","article-title":"An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic study of cardiovascular function in hypothyroid dogs","volume":"205","author":"DL Panciera","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0297811.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.5455\/vetworld.2012.742-747","article-title":"Hypothyroidism\u2014A cause for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs; four year study (2008\u20132011).","volume":"5","author":"Karlapudi Satish Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297811.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12476","article-title":"The role of hypothyroidism in the etiology and progression of dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers","volume":"29","author":"P Beier","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297811.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15600","article-title":"Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic evaluation in dogs with hypothyroidism before and after levothyroxine supplementation: A prospective controlled study","volume":"33","author":"C Guglielmini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref021","first-page":"10","article-title":"Development and validation of a body condition score system for dogs: a clinical tool.","volume":"22","author":"D Laflamme","year":"1997","journal-title":"Canine Pr"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0297811.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.12378","article-title":"The effect of 48-hour fasting on taurine status in healthy adult dogs.","volume":"100","author":"K Gray","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl)."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0297811.ref023","first-page":"B5400","article-title":"The Interplay between Fasting Glucose, Echocardiography, and Biomarkers: Pathophysiological Considerations and Prognostic Implications","volume":"64","author":"M. Pareek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dan Med J."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0297811.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2006.02.006","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic role of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) measured on the DPC Immulite.","volume":"39","author":"PO Collinson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12230","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for standard therapy of glomerular disease in dogs.","volume":"27","author":"IRIS Canine GN Study Group Standard Therapy Subgroup","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15488","article-title":"ACVIM consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of myxomatous mitral valve disease in dogs","volume":"33","author":"BW Kenee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1993.tb01015.x","article-title":"Recommendations for standards in transthoracic two-dimensional echocardiography in the dog and cat. Echocardiography committee of the specialty of cardiology, american college of veterinary internal medicine","volume":"7","author":"WP Thomas","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8261.2002.tb01051.x","article-title":"Left atrial to aortic root indices using two-dimensional and m-mode echocardiography in cavalier king charles spaniels with and without left atrial enlargement.","volume":"43","author":"K Hansson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0297811.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.77.11.1211","article-title":"Assessment of left ventricular volume and function in healthy dogs by use of one-, two-, and three-dimensional echocardiography versus multidetector computed tomography","volume":"77","author":"KF Scollan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref030","unstructured":"Knight DH. No Title. In: Feldman SJE and EC, editor. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA, USA; 1995. pp. 844\u2013867."},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref031","first-page":"311","article-title":"Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs","volume":"18","author":"CC Cornell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00342.x","article-title":"Effect of breed and body weight on echocardiographic values in four breeds of dogs of differing somatotype","volume":"6","author":"SA Morrison","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0297811.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.12242","article-title":"Sphericity index and E-point-to-septal-separation (EPSS) to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers.","volume":"28","author":"PJ Holler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297811.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2017.04.003","article-title":"Echocardiographic assessments of longitudinal left ventricular function in healthy English Springer spaniels.","volume":"19","author":"D Dickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0297811.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2018.01.005","article-title":"Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion-to-aortic ratio provides a bodyweight-independent measure of right ventricular systolic function in dogs.","volume":"20","author":"D Caivano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0297811.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2017.08.006","article-title":"European Society of Veterinary Cardiology screening guidelines for dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers.","volume":"19","author":"G Wess","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol."},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvc.2021.09.004","article-title":"Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs","volume":"40","author":"G. Wess","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Vet Cardiol."},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref038","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2450-5","article-title":"Optimum contribution selection for animal breeding and conservation: the R package optiSel","volume":"20","author":"R. Wellmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref040","first-page":"117","article-title":"Comment mesurer la profondeur genealogique d\u2019une ascendance?","volume":"51","author":"P Cazes","year":"1996","journal-title":"Population (French Ed)"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297811.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jhered.a109824","article-title":"Inbreeding and pedigree structure in Standardbred horses","volume":"74","author":"J W MacCluer","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Hered"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0297811.ref042","first-page":"203","article-title":"Measures of Diagnostic Accuracy: Basic Definitions.","volume":"19","author":"AM \u0160imundi\u0107","year":"2009","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3287615","article-title":"Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems","volume":"240","author":"JA Swets","year":"1988","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0297811.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1918","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.15332","article-title":"Comparison of intestinal expression of the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter between dogs with and without chronic inflammatory enteropathy","volume":"32","author":"PR Giaretta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vet Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0297811.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133782","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1133782","article-title":"Alteration of pro-carcinogenic gut microbiota is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma tumorigenesis","volume":"14","author":"BY Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297811","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]],"date-time":"2024-05-16T17:29:36Z","timestamp":1715880576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297811"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0297811","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,16]]}}}