{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T20:54:56Z","timestamp":1773867296551,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD21\/0016\/0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD21\/0016\/0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014852","name":"Departamento de Educaci\u00f3n, Cultura y Deporte, Gobierno de Arag\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["B01_23R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B01_23R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014852","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID\u201319 pandemic has created unprecedented challenges for health care systems globally. This study aimed to explore the presence of mental illness in a Spanish cohort of COVID-19-infected population and to evaluate the association between the presence of specific mental health conditions and the risk of death and hospitalization. This is a retrospective cohort study including all individuals with confirmed infection by SARS-CoV-2 from the PRECOVID (Prediction in COVID\u201319) Study (Aragon, Spain). Mental health illness was defined as the presence of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, anxiety, cognitive disorders, depression and mood disorders, substance abuse, and personality and eating disorders. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the likelihood of 30-day all-cause mortality and COVID\u201319 related hospitalization based on baseline demographic and clinical variables, including the presence of specific mental conditions, by gender. We included 144,957 individuals with confirmed COVID\u201319 from the PRECOVID Study (Aragon, Spain). The most frequent diagnosis in this cohort was anxiety. However, some differences were observed by sex: substance abuse, personality disorders and schizophrenia were more frequently diagnosed in men, while eating disorders, depression and mood, anxiety and cognitive disorders were more common among women. The presence of mental illness, specifically schizophrenia spectrum and cognitive disorders in men, and depression and mood disorders, substance abuse, anxiety and cognitive and personality disorders in women, increased the risk of mortality or hospitalization after COVID\u201319, in addition to other well-known risk factors such as age, morbidity and treatment burden. Identifying vulnerable patient profiles at risk of serious outcomes after COVID\u201319 based on their mental health status will be crucial to improve their access to the healthcare system and the establishment of public health prevention measures for future outbreaks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298195","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T18:24:38Z","timestamp":1707762278000},"page":"e0298195","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Mental health and risk of death and hospitalization in COVID\u201319 patients. Results from a large-scale population-based study in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8819-3278","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Aida","family":"Moreno-Juste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Poblador-Plou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Ortega-Larrod\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Laguna-Berna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mercedes","family":"Aza-Pascual-Salcedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4812-4657","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin","family":"Bliek-Bueno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2321-9211","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Padilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Concepci\u00f3n","family":"de-la-C\u00e1mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Prados-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis A.","family":"Gimeno-Feli\u00fa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5440-1710","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Antonio","family":"Gimeno-Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298195.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard | WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard With Vaccination Data. https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/ (2022)."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298195.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-020-01205-z","article-title":"Dementia is a predictor for mortality outcome from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection","volume":"271","author":"TI Hariyanto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298195.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2020.4442","article-title":"Association of Psychiatric Disorders With Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19","volume":"78","author":"K Nemani","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0298195.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5171","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17145171","article-title":"Baseline Chronic Comorbidity and Mortality in Laboratory-Confirmed COVID-19 Cases: Results from the PRECOVID Study in Spain","volume":"17","author":"B Poblador-Plou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0298195.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0259822","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259822","article-title":"Chronic diseases associated with increased likelihood of hospitalization and mortality in 68,913 COVID-19 confirmed cases in Spain: A population-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"A Gimeno-Miguel","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798554","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.798554","article-title":"COVID-19-Related Mortality Risk in People With Severe Mental Illness: A Systematic and Critical Review","volume":"12","author":"M De Hert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0298195.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.2274","article-title":"Association Between Mental Health Disorders and Mortality Among Patients With COVID-19 in 7 Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"G Fond","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0298195.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30421-1","article-title":"Association between mental illness and COVID-19 susceptibility and clinical outcomes in South Korea: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"7","author":"SW Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0298195.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2134969","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.34969","article-title":"Analysis of COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Among Patients With Psychiatric Disorders, 2020","volume":"4","author":"AL Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298195.ref010","first-page":"219","article-title":"Do patients with schizophrenia have higher infection and mortality rates due to COVID-19? A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"SE Karaoulanis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatriki"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0298195.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.7202","article-title":"Characteristics of Hospitalized Adults With COVID-19 in an Integrated Health Care System in California","volume":"323","author":"LC Myers","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298195.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13309","article-title":"Severe mental illness is associated with increased mortality and severe course of COVID-19","volume":"144","author":"CA Barcella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298195.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.1818","article-title":"Association Between Mood Disorders and Risk of COVID-19 Infection, Hospitalization, and Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"F Ceban","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2021.113856","article-title":"A meta-analysis: The mortality and severity of COVID-19 among patients with mental disorders","volume":"299","author":"AA Toubasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100047","article-title":"Identifying longitudinal clusters of multimorbidity in an urban setting: A population-based cross-sectional study","volume":"3","author":"A Bisquera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298195.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00256-X","article-title":"COVID-19 hospitalisation, mortality, vaccination, and postvaccination trends among people with schizophrenia in Israel: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"8","author":"D Tzur Bitan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298195.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcaa201","article-title":"The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population","volume":"113","author":"G Serafini","year":"2020","journal-title":"QJM-An Int. J. Med"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.08.001","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review","volume":"277","author":"J Xiong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298195.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu038","article-title":"The global prevalence of common mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis 1980\u20132013","volume":"43","author":"Z Steel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298195.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20806","article-title":"Increased risk of COVID-19 infection and mortality in people with mental disorders: analysis from electronic health records in the United States","volume":"20","author":"Q Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298195.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.encep.2020.07.003","article-title":"Increased in-hospital mortality from COVID-19 in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"G Fond","year":"2021","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298195.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"Spain: Health System Review","volume":"20","author":"E Bernal-Delgado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Syst Transit"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref023","unstructured":"COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. Natl Institutes Heal 2021."},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref024","first-page":"e201812087","article-title":"Construction of a deprivation index by Basic Healthcare Area in Aragon using Population and Housing Census 2011","volume":"92","author":"ML Comp\u00e9s Dea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Esp Salud Publica"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref025","unstructured":"Instituto de Salud P\u00fablica y Laboral de Navarra. Correlaci\u00f3n de C\u00f3digos CIE-9-MC (4a Edic.)\u2014CIAP2 Para la Gesti\u00f3n de Incapacidad Temporal. chrome-extension:\/\/efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj\/https:\/\/www.navarra.es\/NR\/rdonlyres\/34D07EFB-3C70-4B93-BF0F-A6E6ADC127BA\/146931\/CorrelacionCodigosCIE9_CIAP2IT.pdf (2012)."},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref026","unstructured":"Elixhauser, A., Steiner, C. & Palmer, L. Clinical Classifications Software (CCS) for ICD-9-CM. http:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/ccs\/ccs.jsp (Retrieved November, 21, 2022)."},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref027","unstructured":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Chronic Condition Indicator (CCI) for ICD-9-CM. https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/chronic\/chronic.jsp https:\/\/www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov\/toolssoftware\/chronic\/chronic.jsp (Retrieved November 21, 2022)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-pone.0298195.ref028.1","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment 2022"},{"key":"#cr-split#-pone.0298195.ref028.2","unstructured":"WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology: Oslo, Norway, 2021. https:\/\/www.whocc.no\/atc_ddd_index_and_guidelines\/guidelines\/ (Retrieved November 21, 2022)"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0298195.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6607","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126607","article-title":"COVID-19 Inequalities: Individual and Area Socioeconomic Factors (Arag\u00f3n, Spain)","volume":"18","author":"I Aguilar-Palacio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298195.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmx048","article-title":"Multimorbidity and immigrant status: associations with area of origin and length of residence in host country","volume":"34","author":"LA Gimeno-Feliu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298195.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2014.07.007","article-title":"The healthy migrant effect in primary care","volume":"29","author":"LA Gimeno-Feliu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.08.008","article-title":"Nativity, duration of residence and chronic health conditions in Australia: do trends converge towards the native-born population?","volume":"119","author":"S Jatrana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4054\/DemRes.2016.34.22","article-title":"Differences in all-cause mortality: A comparison between immigrants and the host population in Norway 1990\u20132012","volume":"34","author":"A Syse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Demogr Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298195.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.043","article-title":"Migration-related health inequalities: showing the complex interactions between gender, social class and place of origin","volume":"71","author":"D Malmusi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298195.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-3936","article-title":"Spatial Inequities in COVID-19 Testing, Positivity, Confirmed Cases, and Mortality in 3 U.S. Cities: An Ecological Study","volume":"174","author":"U Bilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0298195.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553071","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.553071","article-title":"Similarities and Differences of Mental Health in Women and Men: A Systematic Review of Findings in Three Large German Cohorts","volume":"9","author":"D Otten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298195.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00232-7","article-title":"Mental disorders and risk of COVID-19-related mortality, hospitalisation, and intensive care unit admission: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"B Vai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298195.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.14107","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia and its impact on mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"J July","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geriatr Gerontol Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298195.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20com13412","article-title":"Perspectives on the COVID-19 Pandemic and Individuals With Serious Mental Illness","volume":"81","author":"AK Shinn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298195.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40985-016-0042-3","article-title":"A systematic review of the use of health services by immigrants and native populations","volume":"37","author":"A Sarr\u00eda-Santamera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298195.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3127-5","article-title":"Global healthcare use by immigrants in Spain according to morbidity burden, area of origin, and length of stay","volume":"16","author":"LA Gimeno-Feliu","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"20","key":"pone.0298195.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2052","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6775","article-title":"Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized With COVID-19 in the New York City Area","volume":"323","author":"S Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"10229","key":"pone.0298195.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298195","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T18:24:59Z","timestamp":1707762299000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298195"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Santiago","family":"Gasc\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298195","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}}}