{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:53:12Z","timestamp":1792788792290,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Doctors for Malawi","award":["3500 euros"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3500 euros"]}]},{"name":"M.C. de Visser fund","award":["2000 euros"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2000 euros"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Undernutrition and malnutrition in children in low- and middle-income countries contribute to high mortality rates. Stunting, a prevalent form of malnutrition, is associated with educational and productivity losses. Environmental enteric dysfunction (EED) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection worsen these conditions. This study seeks to investigate the presence of enteropathy using EED fecal biomarkers in HIV-infected children who are stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) across various nutritional statuses. By understanding the interplay between EED, HIV, and nutritional status, this study aims to provide insights that can inform targeted interventions to optimize nutritional outcomes in HIV infected children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Principal findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin, calprotectin and myeloperoxidase in frozen fecal samples from 61 HIV infected (mean age 9.16 \u00b13.08 years) and 31 HIV uninfected (6.65 \u00b13.41 years) children in Malawi. Anthropometric measurements and clinical data were collected. The height-for-age z-score (-1.66 vs -1.27, p = 0.040) and BMI-for-age z-score (-0.36 vs 0.01, p = 0.037) were lower in HIV infected children. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to measure biomarker concentrations. Statistical tests were applied to compare biomarker levels based on HIV status and anthropometric parameters. Myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and calprotectin concentrations did not differ between HIV infected and HIV uninfected children of different age groups. In HIV infected children from 5\u201315 years, there is no difference in biomarker concentration between the stunted and non-stunted groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion\/Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study found a higher prevalence of stunting in HIV infected children compared to uninfected children, but no significant differences in biomarker concentrations. This suggests no causal relationship between enteropathy and stunting in HIV infected children. These results contribute to the understanding of growth impairment in HIV infected children and emphasize the need for further research, particularly a longitudinal, biopsy-controlled study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298310","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T13:46:34Z","timestamp":1707399994000},"page":"e0298310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The presence of enteropathy in HIV infected children on antiretroviral therapy in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4792-6593","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julia","family":"Blaauw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Chikwana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Chaima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Khoswe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyson","family":"Samikwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8289-4164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isabelle","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wieger","family":"Voskuijl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298310.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60937-X","article-title":"Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"382","author":"RE Black","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0298310.ref002","first-page":"47","article-title":"WHO growth standards for infants and young children","volume":"16","author":"M de Onis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives de Pediatrie"},{"key":"pone.0298310.ref003","author":"UNICEF \/ WHO \/ World Bank Group","year":"2016","journal-title":"Levels and trends in child 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