{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:46:38Z","timestamp":1790743598313,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is a condition where individuals experience persistent symptoms after the acute phase of the COVID-19 infection has resolved, which lowers their quality of life and ability to return to work. This study assessed the prevalence and associated risk factors of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS) among severe COVID-19 patients who were discharged from Millennium COVID-19 Care Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional study using data collected from patient charts and a follow-up telephone interview after two years of discharge. Systematic random sampling was used to select a total of 400 patients. A structured questionnaire developed from the case report form for PACS of the World Health Organization (WHO) was used. Frequency and cross-tabulation were used for descriptive statistics. Predictor variables with a p-value &lt;0.25 in bivariate analyses were included in the logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Out of the 400 patients, 20 patients were dead, 14 patients refused to give consent, and 26 patients couldn\u2019t be reached because their phones weren\u2019t working. Finally, 340 were included in the study. The majority (68.5%) were males and the mean age was 53.9 (\u00b113.3 SD) years. More than a third (38.1%) of the patients reported the persistence of at least one symptom after hospital discharge. The most common symptoms were fatigue (27.5%) and Cough (15.3%). Older age (AOR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.07), female sex (AOR 1.82, 95% CI 1.00\u20133.29), presence of comorbidity (AOR 2.38, 95% CI 1.35\u20134.19), alcohol use (AOR 3.05, 95% CI 1.49\u20136.26), fatigue at presentation (AOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.21\u20133.95), and longer hospital stay (AOR 1.06, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.10) were found to increase the odds of developing post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Higher hemoglobin level was found to decrease the risk of subsequent post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (AOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.71\u20130.99).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome is high, with a wide range of persistent symptoms experienced by patients. COVID-19 survivors with the identified risk factors are more susceptible to post-acute COVID-19 and require targeted monitoring and care in a multidisciplinary approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T13:33:02Z","timestamp":1715347982000},"page":"e0298409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Determinants of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome among hospitalized severe COVID-19 patients: A 2-year follow-up study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-9033","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tamrat Petros","family":"Elias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsegaye Wesenseged","family":"Gebreamlak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tigist Tesfaye","family":"Gebremeskel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Binyam Lukas","family":"Adde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Sisay","family":"Abie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bitaniya Petros","family":"Elias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4198-0960","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abel Mureja","family":"Argaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1960-7059","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Addis Aschenek","family":"Tenaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Biruk Mulugeta","family":"Belay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298409.ref001","unstructured":"WHO\u2019s response to COVID-19\u20132021 Annual Report [Internet]. Who.int. [cited 2023 Dec 4]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/who-s-response-to-covid-19-2021-annual-report."},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref002","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) dashboard [Internet]. Who.int. [cited 2023 Dec 4]. Available from: https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/."},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0298409.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.9734\/jammr\/2020\/v32i2430781","article-title":"Post COVID-19 Syndrome: A Literature Review","volume":"32","author":"A Kabi","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMMR"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298409.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2621","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052621","article-title":"Defining post-COVID symptoms (post-acute COVID, long COVID, persistent post-COVID): An integrative classification","volume":"18","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298409.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00846-2","article-title":"Long COVID: major findings, mechanisms and recommendations","volume":"21","author":"HE Davis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]"},{"issue":"100671","key":"pone.0298409.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100671","article-title":"Post COVID-19 condition, work ability and occupational changes in a population-based cohort","volume":"31","author":"P Kerksieck","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health Eur [Internet]."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298409.ref007","first-page":"190","article-title":"A preliminary estimate of the economic impact of long COVID in the United States","volume":"10","author":"AA Mirin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fatigue [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref008","first-page":"19","article-title":"Pathophysiology of Post-COVID syndromes: a new perspective","author":"GE-S Batiha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virol J [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298409.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9050497","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome: An insight on its pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"HC Maltezou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel) [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298409.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2022.01.014","article-title":"Prevalence of post-acute COVID-19 syndrome symptoms at different follow-up periods: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"MS Alkodaymi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298409.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0249644","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249644","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome among symptomatic COVID-19 patients: A prospective cohort study in a tertiary care center of Bangladesh.","volume":"16","author":"R Mahmud","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One [Internet]"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298409.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12603","article-title":"Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group. Persistent symptoms in patients after acute COVID-19","volume":"324","author":"A Carf\u00ec","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref013","article-title":"Duration and risk factors of Post-COVID symptoms following recovery among the medical doctors in Bangladesh.","author":"S Sultana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.06.063","article-title":"Prevalence of, and factors associated with, long-term COVID-19 sick leave in working-age patients followed in general practices in Germany","volume":"109","author":"L Jacob","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298409.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2021.01.004","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. Incidence and risk factors: A Mediterranean cohort study","volume":"82","author":"O Moreno-P\u00e9rez","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect [Internet]"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298409.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01433-3","article-title":"Long COVID in a prospective cohort of home-isolated patients","volume":"27","author":"B Blomberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298409.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.052","article-title":"Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset","volume":"27","author":"C Carvalho-Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref018","first-page":"15","article-title":"Determinants of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms: value of a novel COVID-19 symptom score.","author":"I Galal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Egypt J Bronchol [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref019","first-page":"93","article-title":"Risk predictors and symptom features of long COVID within a broad primary care patient population including both tested and untested patients","volume":"12","author":"R Jones","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pragmat Obs Res [Internet]"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298409.ref020","article-title":"Long-term Coronavirus disease 2019 complications in inpatients and outpatients: A one-year follow-up cohort study.","volume":"8","author":"MDM Lombardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis [Internet]"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298409.ref021","first-page":"301","article-title":"COVID-19 in Ethiopia in the first 180 days: Lessons learned and the way forward","volume":"34","author":"EK Gudina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ethiop J Heal Dev"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref022","unstructured":"Global COVID-19 Clinical Platform Case Report Form (CRF) for Post COVID condition (Post COVID-19 CRF) [Internet]. 2021 Feb [cited 2021 Dec 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/global-covid-19-clinical-platform-case-report-form-(crf)-for-post-covid-conditions-(post-covid-19-crf-)."},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0298409.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2945","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132945","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 at One Year after Hospital Discharge","volume":"10","author":"MM Maestre-Mu\u00f1iz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298409.ref024","article-title":"Assessment and characterisation of post\u2010COVID\u201019 manifestations.","volume":"75","author":"M Kamal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1985","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1985","article-title":"Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study","author":"AB Docherty","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ [Internet]"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298409.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2502","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12102502","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome based on disease form and associated comorbidities","volume":"12","author":"R Cioboata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel) [Internet]"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298409.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.03.008","article-title":"The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology\u2013Current perspectives","volume":"27","author":"JL Boechat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulmonology [Internet]"},{"key":"pone.0298409.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947973","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.947973","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 fatigue: A systematic review","volume":"13","author":"J. Joli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in psychiatry"},{"issue":"163","key":"pone.0298409.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210185","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0185-2021","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"31","author":"D Montani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev [Internet]"},{"issue":"30","key":"pone.0298409.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930e1","article-title":"Symptom duration and risk factors for delayed return to usual health among outpatients with COVID-19 in a multistate health care systems network\u2014United States, march\u2013June 2020","volume":"69","author":"MW Tenforde","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298409.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11020413","article-title":"Female sex is a risk factor associated with long-term post-COVID related-symptoms but not with COVID-19 symptoms: The LONG-COVID-EXP-CM multicenter study","volume":"11","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Med [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298409.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2021.01014","article-title":"Clinical predictors of long COVID-19 and phenotypes of mild COVID-19 at a tertiary care centre in India","volume":"15","author":"N Chopra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov Ther [Internet]"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298409.ref033","first-page":"237","article-title":"Long-term post-COVID symptoms and associated risk factors in previously hospitalized patients: A multicenter study","volume":"83","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez-de-las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect [Internet]"},{"issue":"154497","key":"pone.0298409.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2023.154497","article-title":"COVID-19, post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PACS, \u201clong COVID\u201d) and post-COVID-19 vaccination syndrome (PCVS, \u201cpost-COVIDvac-syndrome\u201d): Similarities and differences","volume":"246","author":"F Scholkmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathol Res Pract [Internet]"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T13:33:19Z","timestamp":1715347999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298409"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Robert Jeenchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298409","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.06.13.23290674","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]}}}