{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:10:06Z","timestamp":1793193006317,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["471342"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["471342"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Canada Graduate Scholarships-Master\u2019s (CGS M) (# N\/A)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Canada Graduate Scholarships-Master\u2019s (CGS M) (# N\/A)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intentional and unintentional injuries are a leading cause of death and disability globally. International Classification of Diseases (ICD), Tenth Revision (ICD-10) codes are used to classify injuries in administrative health data and are widely used for health care planning and delivery, research, and policy. However, a systematic review of their overall validity and reliability has not yet been done.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To conduct a systematic review of the validity and reliability of external cause injury ICD-10 codes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and SCOPUS were searched (inception to April 2023) for validity and\/or reliability studies of ICD-10 external cause injury codes in all countries for all ages. We examined all available data for external cause injuries and injuries related to specific body regions. Validity was defined by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Reliability was defined by inter-rater reliability (IRR), measured by Krippendorff\u2019s alpha, Cohen\u2019s Kappa, and\/or Fleiss\u2019 kappa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-seven published studies from 2006 to 2023 were included. Across all injuries, the mean outcome values and ranges were sensitivity: 61.6% (35.5%-96.0%), specificity: 91.6% (85.8%-100%), PPV: 74.9% (58.6%-96.5%), NPV: 80.2% (44.6%-94.4%), Cohen\u2019s kappa: 0.672 (0.480\u20130.928), Krippendorff\u2019s alpha: 0.453, and Fleiss\u2019 kappa: 0.630. Poisoning and hand and wrist injuries had higher mean sensitivity (84.4% and 96.0%, respectively), while self-harm and spinal cord injuries were lower (35.5% and 36.4%, respectively). Transport and pedestrian injuries and hand and wrist injuries had high PPVs (96.5% and 92.0%, respectively). Specificity and NPV were generally high, except for abuse (NPV 44.6%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The validity and reliability of ICD-10 external cause injury codes vary based on the injury types coded and the outcomes examined, and overall, they only perform moderately well. Future work, potentially utilizing artificial intelligence, may improve the validity and reliability of ICD codes used to document injuries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298411","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T13:28:14Z","timestamp":1709213294000},"page":"e0298411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Validity and reliability International Classification of Diseases-10 codes for all forms of injury: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4869-9933","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sarah","family":"Paleczny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nosakhare","family":"Osagie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jai","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Cusimano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0298411.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i96","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2019-043494","article-title":"Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017.","volume":"26","author":"SL James","year":"2020","journal-title":"Inj Prev."},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298411.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2013.0478","article-title":"ICD-9-CM to ICD-10-CM Codes: What? 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