{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T14:49:09Z","timestamp":1793717349728,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["204813\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["204813\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019415","name":"Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research University of Bristol","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence from South Asia and internationally that intimate partner violence (IPV) is strongly associated with self-harm, however its association with suicide and self-harm has not been extensively examined, nor has this relationship been explored at a national level. Using national datasets, area-level variation in IPV, suicide and self-harm in Sri Lanka were examined. In addition, the association between individual level exposure to past-year IPV and non-fatal self-harm by any household member were explored in a series of multi-level logistic regression models, adjusting for age. Similar patterns in the distribution of suicide and IPV were found, with higher rates evident in post-conflict districts, specifically Batticaloa, Kilinochchi, and Mullaitivu. Experience of past year IPV and its various forms were strongly associated with household-level self-harm in the past year (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 3.83 95% CI 2.27\u20136.46). A similar magnitude was found for physical\/sexual abuse (AOR 5.17 95% CI 2.95\u20139.05) and psychological abuse (AOR 4.64 95% CI 2.50\u20137.00). A dose-response association was also evident for frequency of abuse, with an increasing risk of household-level self-harm for women reporting abuse \u2018less often\u2019 (AOR 2.95 95% CI 1.46\u20135.92), and abuse experienced \u2018daily, weekly, or monthly\u2019 (AOR 4.83 95% CI 2.59\u20139.00), compared to no abuse. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence on the relationship between IPV and suicidal behaviour in South Asia. Addressing IPV and its various forms should be a priority for suicide prevention in Sri Lanka, alongside trauma-informed approaches in post-conflict settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T17:36:50Z","timestamp":1711042610000},"page":"e0298413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Intimate partner violence, suicide and self-harm in Sri Lanka: Analysis of national data"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9003-8648","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Piumee","family":"Bandara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thilini","family":"Rajapakse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duleeka","family":"Knipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298413.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/341728\/9789240026643-eng.pdf?sequence=1."},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Preventing suicide\u2014a global imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref003","article-title":"The Inequities of Mental Health Research Funding","author":"E Woelbert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Montreal: International Alliance of Mental Health Research Funders (IAMHRF)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298413.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002905","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002905","article-title":"Psychiatric morbidity and suicidal behaviour in low-and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"DW Knipe","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118903223.ch29","article-title":"Suicide Prevention in Low\u2010and Middle\u2010Income Countries","author":"L Vijayakumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"The international handbook of suicide prevention"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref006","unstructured":"WHO. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018. Global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. Geneva: World Health Organization, on behalf of the United Nations Inter-Agency Working Group on Violence Against Women Estimation and Data (UNICEF, UNFPA, UNODC, UNSD, UNWomen); 2021."},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref007","unstructured":"DCS. Women\u2019s Wellbeing Survey\u20142019: Findings from Sri Lanka\u2019s first dedicated National Survey on Violence against Women and Girls. Sri Lanka: Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka; 2020."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298413.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e651","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30208-5","article-title":"Preventing deaths from pesticide self-poisoning\u2014learning from Sri Lanka\u2019s success","volume":"5","author":"DW Knipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-331","article-title":"Characteristics of non-fatal self-poisoning in Sri Lanka: a systematic review","volume":"13","author":"T Rajapakse","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-593","article-title":"Changing epidemiologic patterns of deliberate self poisoning in a rural district of Sri Lanka","volume":"12","author":"L Senarathna","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.091785","article-title":"From pesticides to medicinal drugs: time series analyses of methods of self-harm in Sri Lanka","volume":"90","author":"VA de Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bulletin of the World Health Organization"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref012","author":"R Istratii","year":"2021","journal-title":"War and domestic violence: A rapid scoping of the literature to understand the relationship and to inform responses in the Tigray humanitarian crisis"},{"issue":"8355","key":"pone.0298413.ref013","article-title":"The state of jobs in post-conflict areas of Sri Lanka","author":"DL Newhouse","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Bank Policy Research Working Paper"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Examining Multidimensional Poverty in Sri Lanka: Transitioning Through Post War Conflict","author":"R Mahadevan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298413.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2008.00062.x","article-title":"Beyond individual war trauma: domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka","volume":"34","author":"C Catani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Marital and Family Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298413.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2006.36.2.223","article-title":"Clinical diagnostic and sociocultural dimensions of deliberate self-harm in Mumbai, India","volume":"36","author":"SR Parkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298413.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.020","article-title":"Reaching for the bottle of pesticide\u2014a cry for help. Self-inflicted poisonings in Sri Lanka","volume":"62","author":"F Konradsen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298413.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910.29.3.159","article-title":"Pattern of deliberate self-harm in young people in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"29","author":"EU Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298413.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2012.08.002","article-title":"Intimate partner abuse and suicidality: a systematic review","volume":"32","author":"J McLaughlin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical psychology review"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298413.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022079418229","article-title":"Intimate partner violence as a risk factor for mental disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"JM Golding","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of family violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298413.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001439","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and incident depressive symptoms and suicide attempts: a systematic review of longitudinal studies","volume":"10","author":"KM Devries","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.05.006","article-title":"Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: Evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women","volume":"73","author":"K Devries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"193","key":"pone.0298413.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.31729\/jnma.2215","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidities in Patients with Deliberate Self-Harm in a Tertiary Care Center","volume":"52","author":"S Ghimire","year":"2014","journal-title":"JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0298413.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.19.021","article-title":"Psychosocial factors of deliberate self-harm in Afghanistan: a hospital based, matched case-control study","volume":"25","author":"A Paiman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean health journal"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486081","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/486081","article-title":"Sociocultural context of suicidal behaviour in the sundarban region of India","volume":"2013","author":"AN Chowdhury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatry journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298413.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5545.49448","article-title":"Pattern of domestic violence amongst non-fatal deliberate self-harm attempters: A study from primary care of West Bengal","volume":"51","author":"AN Chowdhury","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian journal of psychiatry"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref027","first-page":"1","article-title":"Domestic violence and self-poisoning in Sri Lanka","author":"P Bandara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4038\/jccpsl.v8i1.8305","article-title":"Attempted Suicides in Kurunegala District-Circumstances and Risk Factors","volume":"8","author":"N Thalagala","year":"2003","journal-title":"College of Community Physicians of Sri Lanka"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref029","unstructured":"DCS. Census of Population and Housing\u20142012. Colombo: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka; 2012."},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref030","unstructured":"DCS. Sri Lanka labour force survey. Colombo: Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka; 2014."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/139156140600800104","article-title":"The Economic Effects of the Asian Tsunami on the \u2018Tear Drop in the Indian Ocean\u2019 A General Equilibrium Analysis","volume":"8","author":"JS Bandara","year":"2007","journal-title":"South Asia Economic Journal"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref032","unstructured":"DCS. Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Sri Lanka: Department of Census and Statistics (DCS) and Ministry of Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3961-5","article-title":"Regional variation in suicide rates in Sri Lanka between 1955 and 2011: a spatial and temporal analysis","volume":"17","author":"DW Knipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC public health"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref034","article-title":"Socioeconomic and Geographic Correlates of Intimate Partner Violence in Sri Lanka: Analysis of the 2016 Demographic and Health Survey","author":"P Bandara","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2021;Online ahead of print"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref035","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and suicidal behaviour in Sri Lanka: Analysis plan using national data","author":"P Bandara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Science Framework (OSF) Registries"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2004.029454","article-title":"A brief conceptual tutorial of multilevel analysis in social epidemiology: using measures of clustering in multilevel logistic regression to investigate contextual phenomena","volume":"60","author":"J Merlo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v60i4.8100","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in Sri Lanka: a scoping review","volume":"60","author":"S Guruge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ceylon Medical Journal"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2016.01.001","article-title":"Non-fatal self-poisoning across age groups, in Sri Lanka","volume":"19","author":"T Rajapakse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298413.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0174801","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0174801","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in the post-war context: Women\u2019s experiences and community leaders\u2019 perceptions in the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka","volume":"12","author":"S Guruge","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298413.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801210377649","article-title":"Violence against women and natural disasters: findings from post-tsunami Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"S. Fisher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"31","key":"pone.0298413.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(08)31359-7","article-title":"Reproductive health concerns in six conflict-affected areas of Sri Lanka","volume":"16","author":"S Kottegoda","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reproductive Health Matters"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13031-021-00410-4","article-title":"Mental health of women and children experiencing family violence in conflict settings: a mixed methods systematic review","volume":"15","author":"D Devakumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Conflict and health"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i4.20","article-title":"Prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt: associations with psychiatric disorders and HIV\/AIDS in post-conflict Northern Uganda","volume":"16","author":"J Mugisha","year":"2016","journal-title":"African health sciences"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-008-0307-3","article-title":"Psychological autopsy study of suicide in three rural and semi-rural districts of Sri Lanka","volume":"43","author":"R Abeyasinghe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.12594","article-title":"The association between exposure to interpersonal violence and suicide among women: a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"MB MacIsaac","year":"2017","journal-title":"Australian and New Zealand journal of public health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298413.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002381","article-title":"Women\u2019s and men\u2019s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women\u2019s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"14","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298413.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/jid.1500","article-title":"How does economic empowerment affect women\u2019s risk of intimate partner violence in low and middle income countries? A systematic review of published evidence","volume":"21","author":"S Vyas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of International Development: The Journal of the Development Studies Association"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.01.028","article-title":"Attempted suicide in Sri Lanka\u2013an epidemiological study of household and community factors","volume":"232","author":"D Knipe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of affective disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298413.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e014006","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014006","article-title":"Is socioeconomic position associated with risk of attempted suicide in rural Sri Lanka? A cross-sectional study of 165 000 individuals","volume":"7","author":"D Knipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ open"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1839-4655.2008.tb00091.x","article-title":"State gender inequality, socioeconomic status and intimate partner violence (IPV) in India: A multilevel analysis","volume":"43","author":"LK Ackerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Social Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1525\/as.2009.49.1.59","article-title":"Sri Lanka in 2008: Waging war for peace","volume":"49","author":"N. Wickramasinghe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Asian survey"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.43514","article-title":"The effect of spousal violence on women\u2019s health: Findings from the Stree Arogya Shodh in Goa, India","volume":"54","author":"N Chowdhary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of postgraduate medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0000129","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000129","article-title":"Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with domestic violence among men and women in Kandy, Sri Lanka","volume":"2","author":"P Bandara","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298413.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.08.007","article-title":"Exploring the associations between intimate partner violence and women\u2019s mental health: evidence from a population-based study in Paraguay","volume":"71","author":"K Ishida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298413.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260514564157","article-title":"Violence and abuse against women who have attempted suicide by deliberate self-poisoning: a 2-year follow-up study in Iran","volume":"31","author":"H Hassanian-Moghaddam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of interpersonal violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2011.05.006","article-title":"Violence against women is strongly associated with suicide attempts: evidence from the WHO multi-country study on women\u2019s health and domestic violence against women","volume":"73","author":"KM Devries","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social science & medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e187","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(13)70074-3","article-title":"Prevalence of and factors associated with male perpetration of intimate partner violence: findings from the UN Multi-country Cross-sectional Study on Men and Violence in Asia and the Pacific","volume":"1","author":"E Fulu","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298413.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801211417151","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women in the capital province of Sri Lanka: prevalence, risk factors, and help seeking","volume":"17","author":"V Jayasuriya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298413.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2017-000462","article-title":"We lost because of his drunkenness\u2019: the social processes linking alcohol use to self-harm in the context of daily life stress in marriages and intimate relationships in rural Sri Lanka","volume":"2","author":"JB Sorensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bmj Global Health"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0298413.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/006996671104600204","article-title":"I drank it to put an end to me\u2019: Narrating girls\u2019 suicide and self-harm in Sri Lanka","volume":"46","author":"J Marecek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Contributions to Indian Sociology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5914-7","article-title":"The effect of a community based health promotion intervention to change gender norms among women in a rural community in Sri Lanka","volume":"18","author":"T Herath","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9551","key":"pone.0298413.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69744-4","article-title":"Effect of a structural intervention for the prevention of intimate-partner violence and HIV in rural South Africa: a cluster randomised trial","volume":"368","author":"PM Pronyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70344-4","article-title":"Effectiveness of an integrated intimate partner violence and HIV prevention intervention in Rakai, Uganda: analysis of an intervention in an existing cluster randomised cohort","volume":"3","author":"JA Wagman","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298413.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2015-206665","article-title":"The impact of SASA!, a community mobilisation intervention, on women\u2019s experiences of intimate partner violence: secondary findings from a cluster randomised trial in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"70","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298413.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0235177","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235177","article-title":"A systematic review of intimate partner violence interventions focused on improving social support and\/mental health outcomes of survivors","volume":"15","author":"E Ogbe","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS one"},{"key":"pone.0298413.ref066","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Responding to intimate partner violence and sexual violence against women: WHO clinical and policy guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298413.ref067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-839","article-title":"Suicide in Sri Lanka 1975\u20132012: age, period and cohort analysis of police and hospital data","volume":"14","author":"DW Knipe","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298413","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T17:37:34Z","timestamp":1711042654000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298413"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Adobea Yaa","family":"Owusu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298413","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]}}}