{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T17:58:01Z","timestamp":1781632681756,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 81860353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 81860353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018533","name":"Major Scientific and Technological Special Project of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. ZK [2022] 341"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. ZK [2022] 341"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018555","name":"Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. gzwkj2022-521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. gzwkj2022-521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018555","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012593","name":"Scientific Research Foundation of Graduate School of Harbin Medical University: Sino Russian Special Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 20NSP005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 20NSP005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Foundation of Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Education Department, Guizhou","award":["No. QJJ [2022] 019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. QJJ [2022] 019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> infections are generally acquired during childhood and affect half of the global population, but its transmission route remains unclear. It is reported that <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> can be internalized into <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, but more evidence is needed for the internalization of <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> in human gastrointestinal <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and vaginal <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> was isolated from vaginal discharge and gastric mucosa biopsies. We PCR-amplified and sequenced <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori-<\/jats:italic>specific genes from <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> genomic DNA. Using optical and immunofluorescence microscopy, we identified and observed bacteria-like bodies (BLBs) in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> isolates and subcultures. Intracellular <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> antigen were detected by immunofluorescence using Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled anti-<jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> IgG antibodies. Urease activity in <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> internalized by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> was detected by inoculating with urea-based Sabouraud dextrose agar, which changed the agar color from yellow to pink, indicating urease activity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 59 vaginal <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and two gastric <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> strains were isolated from vaginal discharge and gastric mucosa. Twenty-three isolates were positive for <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> 16S rDNA, 12 were positive for <jats:italic>cagA<\/jats:italic> and 21 were positive for <jats:italic>ureA<\/jats:italic>. The BLBs could be observed in <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> cells, which were positive for <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> 16S rDNA, and were viable determined by the LIVE\/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability kit. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated antibodies could be reacted specifically with <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> antigen inside <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> cells by immunofluorescence. Finally, <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic>-positive <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> remained positive for <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> 16S rDNA even after ten subcultures. Urease activity of <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> internalized by <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> was positive.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>In the form of BLBs, <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>pylori<\/jats:italic> can internalize into gastric <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> and even vaginal <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>, which might have great significance in its transmission and pathogenicity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T18:29:01Z","timestamp":1707416941000},"page":"e0298442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Intracellular presence of Helicobacter pylori antigen and genes within gastric and vaginal 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