{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T14:38:33Z","timestamp":1790951913172,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708646400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy termination is considered to have adverse effects on women\u2019s health and to have created financial, economic, and social problems in their lives. This study aimed to identify factors associated with pregnancy termination in Sri Lanka. The study used 2016 Sri Lanka Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 16,323 ever-married women aged 15\u201349, who were clustered in selected enumerated areas. A binary logistic random intercept multilevel model was fitted to find the association between pregnancy termination and the predictor variables in this study. The overall pregnancy termination rate among Sri Lankan women was 16.14%. Increasing age of women was found to be associated with increasing odds of pregnancy termination. Women who were overweight or obese had higher odds of pregnancy termination, with 14% and 36%, respectively, compared to women with a normal weight. With increasing parity, the likelihood of pregnancy termination decreased. Women who used contraceptives had a 24% higher likelihood of pregnancy termination than those who refrained from using them. Cohabiting women had a 57% higher chance of pregnancy termination. Working women had 15% higher odds than unemployed women. Women who experienced domestic violence had a 14% higher odds of pregnancy termination than those who did not. Women from the Northern, Eastern, and North Central provinces had a lower likelihood of pregnancy termination compared to those from the Western province. Women in the urban sector were more likely to terminate their pregnancy than those in the estate sector. Further, women residing in households where indoor smoking was permitted had a 13% greater chance of ending their pregnancy compared to non-smoking households. The study highlights the importance of restructuring education related to health and well-being, family planning, and work-life balancing for both women and their partners, and developing and implementing or strengthening policies and laws related to mitigating pregnancy termination including domestic violence for women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:28:48Z","timestamp":1708712928000},"page":"e0298639","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Factors associated with terminated pregnancies in Sri Lanka: A case study of the Sri Lankan Demographic and health survey (DHS) 2016"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0138-7417","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kaludura Anupama Seuwandi","family":"Thabrew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranawaka Arachchige Chathuri Saranga","family":"Ranawaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9311-5621","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Senaratne","family":"Ranamukhaarachchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298639.ref001","unstructured":"MacQuarrie K, Winfrey W, Meijer-Irons J, Morse AR. Consistency of reporting of terminated pregnancies in DHS calendars (DHS Methodological Reports No. 25). Rockville, MD; 2018."},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref002","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"C Dugas","year":"2022"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref003","unstructured":"Anon. What is Stillbirth? [Internet]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/stillbirth\/facts.html"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-020-01023-4","article-title":"Factors associated with induced abortion among women of reproductive age attending selected health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a case control study","volume":"20","author":"BS Megersa","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref005","volume-title":"Complications of Pregnancy [Internet]","author":"JD Ojule","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref006","unstructured":"Anon. Stillbirth [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/stillbirth"},{"issue":"10285","key":"pone.0298639.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00682-6","article-title":"Miscarriage matters: the epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss","volume":"397","author":"S Quenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298639.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30315-6","article-title":"Unintended pregnancy and abortion by income, region, and the legal status of abortion: estimates from a comprehensive model for 1990\u20132019","volume":"8","author":"J Bearak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Heal"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100730","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against adolescent girls and young women and its association with miscarriages, stillbirths and induced abortions in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from demographic and health surveys","volume":"13","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2021","journal-title":"SSM-Population Heal"},{"issue":"10302","key":"pone.0298639.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)01112-0","article-title":"Global, regional, and national estimates and trends in stillbirths from 2000 to 2019: a systematic assessment","volume":"398","author":"L Hug","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30268-0","article-title":"Estimation of pregnancy losses attributable to exposure to ambient fine particles in south Asia: an epidemiological case-control study","volume":"5","author":"T Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Heal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02836-5","article-title":"Fetal monitoring from 39 weeks\u2019 gestation to identify South Asian-born women at risk of perinatal compromise: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"R Stone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref013","unstructured":"Anon. Abortion [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/abortion"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-021-03633-8","article-title":"Beyond counting induced abortions, miscarriages and stillbirths to understanding their risk factors: analysis of the 2017 Ghana maternal health survey","volume":"21","author":"BO Ahinkorah","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref015","unstructured":"Anon. National Statistics [Internet]. Family Health Bureau Ministry of Health Sri Lanka. 2022. https:\/\/fhb.health.gov.lk\/index.php\/en\/statistics\/statistics-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298639.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.301154","article-title":"Abortion in Sri Lanka: The Double Standard","volume":"103","author":"R. Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298639.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932002003036","article-title":"Induced abortion in Sri Lanka: who goes to providers for pregnancy termination?","volume":"34","author":"DJ Ban","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Biosoc Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4038\/cmj.v49i1.3278","article-title":"Knowledge, behaviour and attitudes on induced abortion and family planning among Sri Lankan women seeking termination of pregnancy","volume":"49","author":"J Perera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ceylon Med J"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4038\/jccpsl.v14i1.2943","article-title":"Risk factors for spontaneous abortion","volume":"14","author":"C Abeysena","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Coll Community Physicians Sri Lanka"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298639.ref020","first-page":"32","article-title":"Effects of Selected Socio-Demographic, Maternal, Service-Related and Psychological Risk Factors for Still Births Delivered in District General Hospital, Matara, Sri Lanka During 2015\u20132018","volume":"6","author":"SY Nayana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-016-0173-5","article-title":"Relationship of family formation characteristics with unsafe abortion: Is it confounded by women\u2019s socio-economic status?\u2014A case-control study from Sri Lanka","volume":"13","author":"C Arambepola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref022","article-title":"Unsafe abortions in Sri Lanka\u2014facts and risk profile","volume":"15","author":"N. Thalagala","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Coll Community Physicians Sri Lanka"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-017-1376-7","article-title":"Risk of unsafe abortion associated with long-term contraception behaviour: A case control study from Sri Lanka","volume":"17","author":"C Arambepola","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-91","article-title":"Decision making on unsafe abortions in Sri Lanka: A case-control study","volume":"11","author":"C Arambepola","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref025","first-page":"176","article-title":"Induced Abortion. In: Sri Lankan Youth: sexual and reproductive health","author":"S Suchira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Fund Sri Lanka"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298639.ref026","first-page":"55","article-title":"Factors associated with attitudes on induced abortion\u2013A community based study among adults in Colombo City of Sri Lanka","volume":"6","author":"M Suranga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Adv Soc Stud"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7209274","article-title":"Knowledge of and Utilization of Emergency Contraceptive and Its Associated Factors among Women Seeking Induced Abortion in Public Hospitals, Eastern Tigray, Ethiopia, 2017: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"2019","author":"D Abraha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-01935-3","article-title":"Knowledge, attitude and factors associated with induced abortion among female students \u2018of Private Colleges in Ambo town, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"22","author":"RM Gutema","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-022-02074-5","article-title":"Recent trend and correlates of induced abortion in China: evidence from the 2017 China Fertility Survey","volume":"22","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/295732","article-title":"Induced abortion and associated factors in health facilities of guraghe zone, southern Ethiopia","volume":"2014","author":"G Tesfaye","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pregnancy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-09014-x","article-title":"Factors associated with pregnancy and induced abortion among street-involved female adolescents in two Nigerian urban cities: a mixed-method study","volume":"23","author":"MO Obiyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4038\/jccpsl.v7i1.8282","article-title":"Estimates of induced abortion in urban and rural Sri Lanka","volume":"7","author":"LC Rajapaksa","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Coll Community Physicians Sri Lanka"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref033","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Annual Academic Sessions","author":"G Udayanthi","year":"2012"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2019.0035","article-title":"The effects of threatened abortions on pregnancy outcomes","volume":"90","author":"AG Kanmaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ginekol Pol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0298639.ref035","first-page":"e19057","article-title":"Evaluating the Clinical Risk Factors Associated With Miscarriages in Women in Karachi, Pakistan","volume":"13","author":"Z Iqbal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref036","first-page":"163","article-title":"A Cross-Sectional Study on Maternal Factors for Stillbirths Taking Place in Hospitals in Kandy, Sri Lanka","author":"A Alahakoon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Young Scientists Forum"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-018-1660-1","article-title":"Risk factors for stillbirths: How much can a responsive health system prevent?","volume":"18","author":"SB Neogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref038","unstructured":"Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. Demographic and Health Survey\u20142016. Colombo; 2017."},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref039","unstructured":"Department of Census and Statistics Sri Lanka. Dissemination Policy on Microdata. Colombo; 2007."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298639.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.12691\/ajams-8-2-1","article-title":"Detecting Multicollinearity in Regression Analysis","volume":"8","author":"N. Shrestha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Appl Math Stat"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref041","first-page":"199","article-title":"Multilevel logistic models for dichotomous and ordinal data","author":"AA O\u2019Connell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Multilevel Model Educ data"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1545-0","article-title":"Determinants of stunting among under-five children in Ethiopia: a multilevel mixed-effects analysis of 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey data","volume":"19","author":"K Fantay Gebru","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298639.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000494","article-title":"Pregnancy outcome in mothers over the age of 35","volume":"30","author":"AEP Heazell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298639.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1080\/07399330701334356","article-title":"First mothering over 35 years: questioning the association of maternal age and pregnancy risk","volume":"28","author":"M Carolan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int"},{"issue":"7251","key":"pone.0298639.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7251.1708","article-title":"Maternal age and fetal loss: population based register linkage study","volume":"320","author":"AM Nybo Andersen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0298639.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.4038\/sljch.v51i2.10125","article-title":"Advanced maternal age and perinatal outcomes in two tertiary care maternity hospitals in Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"51","author":"T Jayatunge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Child Heal"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref047","unstructured":"Assessing Your Weight | Healthy Weight, Nutrition, and Physical Activity | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2023 Oct 18]. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyweight\/assessing\/index.html"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298639.ref048","first-page":"457","article-title":"Obesity and the risk of stillbirth: a population-based cohort study","volume":"210","author":"R Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298639.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1290","article-title":"Does high body mass index increase the risk of miscarriage after spontaneous and assisted conception? A meta-analysis of the evidence","volume":"90","author":"M Metwally","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298639.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e021623","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-021623","article-title":"Maternal anemia and underweight as determinants of pregnancy outcomes: cohort study in eastern rural Maharashtra, India","volume":"8","author":"A Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/den017","article-title":"High and low BMI increase the risk of miscarriage after IVF\/ICSI and FET","volume":"23","author":"Z Veleva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum Reprod"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0298639.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236435","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236435","article-title":"Association between obesity and miscarriage among women of reproductive age in Nepal","volume":"15","author":"PR Ghimire","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.01.017","article-title":"Obesity and female infertility: potential mediators of obesity\u2019s impact","volume":"107","author":"DE Broughton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2020.154229","article-title":"The effect of underweight on female and male reproduction","volume":"107","author":"C Boutari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298639.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0235329","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235329","article-title":"What has women\u2019s reproductive health decision-making capacity and other factors got to do with pregnancy termination in sub-Saharan Africa? evidence from 27 cross-sectional surveys","volume":"15","author":"A-A Seidu","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/s10389-019-01105-0","article-title":"Reproductive health decision-making capacity and pregnancy termination among Ghanaian women: Analysis of the 2014 Ghana demographic and health survey","volume":"29","author":"A-A Seidu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health (Bangkok)"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2008.00942.x","article-title":"Maternal use of oral contraceptives and risk of fetal death","volume":"22","author":"R Jellesen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298639.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.11.085","article-title":"Long-term use of oral contraceptives increases the risk of miscarriage","volume":"83","author":"A Garc\u00eda-Engu\u00eddanos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298639.ref059","first-page":"274","article-title":"Hormonal profile as a prognostic index of early threatened abortion","volume":"130","author":"L Jovanovic","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/17441730500441442","article-title":"Contraceptive behaviour of abortion seekers in Sri Lanka","volume":"2","author":"WI De Silva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Asian Popul Stud"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298639.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2011.04.001","article-title":"Maternal marital status and the risk of stillbirth and infant death: a population-based cohort study on 40 million births in the United States","volume":"21","author":"J Balayla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Heal Issues"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0298639.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489602400106","article-title":"Marital status as a risk factor for fetal and infant mortality","volume":"24","author":"A Arntzen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Soc Med"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref063","unstructured":"Anon. Understanding Abortion in Sri Lanka: An Attitudinal Study. Colombo; 2023."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0298639.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0b013e318253b192","article-title":"Work and work-related stress in pregnancy","volume":"55","author":"VL Katz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298639.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.046300","article-title":"Employment status and the risk of pregnancy complications: the Generation R Study","volume":"67","author":"PW Jansen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0298639.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v8n9p37","article-title":"The Relationship between Maternal Employment Status and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"F Khojasteh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1&2","key":"pone.0298639.ref067","first-page":"17","article-title":"\u201cHer Body, Her Right\"?: Interrogating the Discourse on Abortion in Sri Lanka","volume":"27","author":"C. Wickramagamage","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Soc Sci"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref068","unstructured":"Anon. New brief outlines devastating harms from tobacco use and exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during pregnancy and throughout childhood\u2014Report calls for protective policies [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2021. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/16-03-2021-new-brief-outlines-devastating-harms-from-tobacco-use-and-exposure-to-second-hand-tobacco-smoke-during-pregnancy-and-throughout-childhood"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298639.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt334","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Miscarriage and Maternal Exposure to Tobacco Smoke During Pregnancy","volume":"179","author":"BL Pineles","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2013-051458","article-title":"Associations of lifetime active and passive smoking with spontaneous abortion, stillbirth and tubal ectopic pregnancy: a cross-sectional analysis of historical data from the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"24","author":"A Hyland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0298639.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14183674","article-title":"Maternal Passive Smoking, Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Spontaneous Abortion","volume":"14","author":"S Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anpede.2020.07.021","article-title":"Effects of active and\/or passive smoking during pregnancy and the postpartum period","volume":"95","author":"MC M\u00edguez","year":"2021","journal-title":"An Pediatr\u00eda (English Ed"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0298639.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2020.1763294","article-title":"The relationship between gestational active and passive smoking and early postpartum complications","volume":"33","author":"D Adibelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298639.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/03630242.2014.897676","article-title":"Association between domestic violence and miscarriage: a population-based cross-sectional study among women of childbearing ages, Sivas, Turkey","volume":"54","author":"N. Nur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Women Heal"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0298639.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236670","article-title":"Intimate partner violence (IPV) with miscarriages, stillbirths and abortions: Identifying vulnerable households for women in Bangladesh","volume":"15","author":"A Afiaz","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298639.ref076","first-page":"661","article-title":"Physical violence during pregnancy: maternal complications and birth outcomes","volume":"93","author":"VE Cokkinides","year":"1999","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0298639.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260507313533","article-title":"Intimate Partner Violence and Miscarriage","volume":"23","author":"LA Morland","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298639.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4038\/sljog.v33i4.4801","article-title":"Domestic violence: an emerging concern in maternity care","volume":"33","author":"L. Senanayake","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sri Lanka J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref079","unstructured":"Anon. Census of Population and Housing Sri Lanka 2012. Colombo; 2015."},{"key":"pone.0298639.ref080","first-page":"83","article-title":"Process determinants, and impact of unsafe abortions in Sri Lanka","author":"N Thalagala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Family Planning Association, Sri Lanka"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298639","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T18:29:51Z","timestamp":1708712991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298639"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Obasanjo Afolabi","family":"Bolarinwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0298639","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]]}}}