{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T12:52:36Z","timestamp":1761396756033,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (MEXT) to a project on Joint Usage\/Research Center\u2013 Leading Academia in Marine and Environment Pollution Research (LaMer)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ixodid ticks, such as <jats:italic>Ixodes ovatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Haemaphysalis flava<\/jats:italic>, are important vectors of tick-borne diseases in Japan, such as Japanese spotted fever caused by <jats:italic>Rickettsia japonica<\/jats:italic>. This study describes the <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection rates influenced by the population genetic structure of <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flava<\/jats:italic> along an altitudinal gradient. A total of 346 adult <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic> and 243 <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flava<\/jats:italic> were analyzed for the presence of <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> by nested PCR targeting the 17kDA, <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>rOmpA<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>rOmpB<\/jats:italic> genes. The population genetic structure was analyzed utilizing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (<jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic>) marker. The <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection rates were 13.26% in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic> and 6.17% in <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flava<\/jats:italic>. For <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic>, the global <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>ST<\/jats:sub> value revealed significant genetic differentiation among the different populations, whereas <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flava<\/jats:italic> showed non-significant genetic differentiation. The <jats:italic>cox1 I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic> cluster dendrogram showed two cluster groups, while the haplotype network and phylogenetic tree showed three genetic groups. A significant difference was observed in <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection rates and mean altitude per group between the two cluster groups and the three genetic groups identified within <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic>. No significant differences were found in the mean altitude or <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection rates of <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>flava<\/jats:italic>. Our results suggest a potential correlation between the low gene flow in <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ovatus<\/jats:italic> populations and the spatially heterogeneous <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection rates observed along the altitudinal gradient. This information can be used in understanding the relationship between the tick vector, its pathogen, and environmental factors, such as altitude, and for the control of tick-borne diseases in Japan.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T17:42:20Z","timestamp":1710351740000},"page":"e0298656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Genetic structure and Rickettsia infection rates in Ixodes ovatus and Haemaphysalis flava ticks across different altitudes"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Maria Angenica F.","family":"Regilme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Tamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reiko","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcello Otake","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumire","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7062-595X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kozo","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0298656.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1159\/000228693","article-title":"Eine hysterische Hausepidemie","volume":"5","author":"D. 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