{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T18:14:04Z","timestamp":1789668844118,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Wireless communication connects billions of people worldwide, relying on radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF). Generally, fifth-generation (5G) networks shift RF carriers to higher frequencies. Although radio, cell phones, and television have benefitted humans for decades, higher carrier frequencies can present potential health risks. Insects closely associated with humans (such as mosquitoes) can undergo increased RF absorption and dielectric heating. This process inadvertently impacts the insects\u2019 behaviour, morphology, and physiology, which can influence their spread. Therefore, this study examined the impact of RF exposure on <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes, which are prevalent in indoor environments with higher RF exposure risk. The morphologies of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> eggs and their developments into <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> mosquitoes were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 30 eggs were exposed to RF radiation at three frequencies: baseline, 900 MHz, and 18 GHz. Each frequency was tested in triplicate. Several parameters were assessed through daily observations in an insectarium, including hatching responses, development times, larval numbers, and pupation periods until the emergence of adult insects.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study revealed that the hatching rate for the 900 MHz group was the highest (79 \u00b1 10.54%) compared to other exposures (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.87). The adult emergence rate for the 900 MHz group was also the lowest at 33 \u00b1 2.77%. A significant difference between the groups was demonstrated in the statistical analysis (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.03).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This work highlighted the morphology sensitivity of <jats:italic>Ae<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>aegypti<\/jats:italic> eggs and their developments in the aquatic phase to RF radiation, potentially altering their life cycle.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T18:27:34Z","timestamp":1709058454000},"page":"e0298738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of radiofrequency exposure on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) development"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Nik Muhammad Hanif","family":"Nik Abdull Halim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alya Farzana","family":"Mohd Jamili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazri","family":"Che Dom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nurul Huda","family":"Abd Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zana","family":"Jamal Kareem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3915-0340","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rahmat","family":"Dapari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0298738.ref001","article-title":"Potential impact of 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