{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:24:06Z","timestamp":1791440646157,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study investigated the interactions between a low protein high calorie (LPHC) diet and an integrase inhibitor-containing antiretroviral drug regimen (INI-CR)in light of evidence suggesting that the initiation of cART in patients with poor nutritional status is a predictor of mortality independent of immune status.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Freshly weaned Sprague Dawley rats (120) were randomized into the standard, LPHC and normal protein high calorie (NPHC) diet groups (n = 40\/group) initially for 15 weeks. Thereafter, experimental animals in each diet group were further randomized into four treatment sub-groups (n = 10\/group) Control (normal saline), group 1(TDF+3TC+DTG and Tesamorelin), group 2 (TDF+3TC+DTG), and Positive control (AZT+3TC+ATV\/r) with treatment and diets combined for 9 weeks. Weekly body weights, fasting blood glucose (FBG), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); lipid profiles, liver weights, hepatic triglycerides and adiposity were assessed at week 24.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>At week 15, body weights increased between the diet group in phase 1(standard 146 \u00b1 1.64 vs. 273.1 \u00b1 1.56 g), (NPHC, 143.5 \u00b1 2.40 vs. 390.2 \u00b1 4.94 g) and (LPHC, 145.5 \u00b1 2.28 g vs. 398.3 \u00b1 4.89 g) (p&lt; 0.0001). A similar increase was noted in the FBG and OGTT (p&lt; 0.0001). In phase 2, there was an increase in FBG, OGTT, body weights, lipid profile, liver weights, hepatic triglycerides, adiposity and insulin levels in group 2 and positive control in both NPHC and LPHC diet groups (p&lt;0.0001). Growth hormone levels were decreased in Tesamorelin-free group 2 and positive control in both NPHC and LPHC (p&lt; 0.0001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The obesogenic activities of the LPHC diet exceeded that of the NPHC diet and interacted with both integrase-containing and classical cART drug regimens to reproduce cART associated metabolic dysregulation. The effects were however reversed by co-administration with tesamorelin, a synthetic growth hormone releasing hormone analogue.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298752","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T18:24:21Z","timestamp":1709144661000},"page":"e0298752","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Dietary regimens appear to possess significant effects on the development of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART)-associated metabolic syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8892-3552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Boniface M.","family":"Chege","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Mwangi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles G.","family":"Githinji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick","family":"Bukachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298752.ref001","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in HIV-Patients: Causes and Consequences","volume":"0","author":"MN Pedro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2626-z","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk and dyslipidemia among persons living with HIV: a review","volume":"17","author":"P Maggi","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_1_17","article-title":"Urbanization, cities, and health: The challenges to Nigeria\u2014A review","volume":"16","author":"AA Aliyu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601610010034","article-title":"HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"10","author":"ABM Kharsany","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open AIDS J"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2010.28608D","article-title":"Nutritional aspects of HIV-associated wasting in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"91","author":"JR Koethe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-0105.177703","article-title":"A simple practice guide for dose conversion between animals and human","volume":"7","author":"AB Nair","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Basic Clin Pharm"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref007","first-page":"e52766","article-title":"Sampling blood from the lateral tail vein of the rat","author":"G Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2010.07.008","article-title":"The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) revisited","volume":"22","author":"E Bartoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","article-title":"Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man","volume":"28","author":"DR Matthews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)39047-7","article-title":"The direct determination of liver triglycerides","volume":"2","author":"WM Butler","year":"1961","journal-title":"Journal of Lipid Research"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30019-4","article-title":"Phase 3 trials of new antiretrovirals are not representative of the global HIV epidemic","volume":"6","author":"T Pepperrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Virus Eradication"},{"key":"pone.0298752.ref012","unstructured":"Massell R. 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