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We will test the hypothesis that cerebellar tDCS in combination with an evidenced-based anomia treatment (semantic feature analysis, SFA) will be associated with greater improvement in naming untrained pictures (as measured by the change in Philadelphia Picture Naming Test), 1-week post-treatment, compared to sham plus SFA. We will also evaluate the effects of cerebellar tDCS on naming trained items as well as the effects on functional communication, content, efficiency, and word-retrieval of picture description, and quality of life. Finally, we will identify imaging and linguistic biomarkers to determine the characteristics of stroke patients that benefit from cerebellar tDCS and SFA treatment. We expect to enroll 60 participants over five years. Participants will receive 15, 25-minute sessions of cerebellar tDCS (3\u20135 sessions per week) or sham tDCS combined with 1 hour of SFA treatment. Participants will be evaluated prior to the start of treatment, one-week post-treatment, 1-, 3-, and 6-months post-treatment on primary and secondary outcome variables. The long-term aim of this study is to provide the basis for a Phase III randomized controlled trial of cerebellar tDCS vs sham with concurrent language therapy for treatment of chronic aphasia.<\/jats:p>\n<jats:p><jats:bold>Trial registration:<\/jats:bold> The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT05093673\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT05093673<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298991","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T18:09:47Z","timestamp":1724695787000},"page":"e0298991","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Protocol for Cerebellar Stimulation for Aphasia Rehabilitation (CeSAR): A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7878-2387","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Becky","family":"Lammers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myra J.","family":"Sydnor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0927-3764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ji Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayane","family":"Yenokyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argye E.","family":"Hillis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1733-6964","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajani","family":"Sebastian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0298991.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003297","article-title":"Effect of aphasia on acute stroke outcomes","volume":"87","author":"AK Boehme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"pone.0298991.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1429","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.647339","article-title":"The One-Year Attributable Cost of Poststroke Aphasia","volume":"43","author":"C Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"pone.0298991.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000222091","article-title":"Significance of Aphasia after First-Ever Acute Stroke: Impact on Early and Late Outcomes","volume":"33","author":"S Tsouli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0298991.ref004","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of aphasia and language disorders","author":"AM Raymer","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0298991.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561779846613X","article-title":"Treatment of naming disorders: New issues regarding old therapies","volume":"4","author":"AE Hillis","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"pone.0298991.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1080\/02687030244000563","article-title":"Therapy for naming disorders: Revisiting, revising, and reviewing","volume":"16","author":"L. 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